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Keywords = small-scale embedded generation (SSEG)

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10 pages, 3746 KB  
Proceeding Paper
Modeling and Simulation of a Smart Net Billing Electricity Meter for Small-Scale Embedded Generation
by Marvellous Ayomidele, Dwayne Jensen Reddy and Kabulo Loji
Eng. Proc. 2026, 140(1), 12; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2026140012 - 13 May 2026
Viewed by 127
Abstract
The existing studies on Small-Scale Embedded Generation (SSEG) have not addressed the net billing framework behavior that applies to different import and export tariff rates. This paper presents the simulation and modeling of a smart net billing electricity meter for SSEG in MATLAB/Simulink [...] Read more.
The existing studies on Small-Scale Embedded Generation (SSEG) have not addressed the net billing framework behavior that applies to different import and export tariff rates. This paper presents the simulation and modeling of a smart net billing electricity meter for SSEG in MATLAB/Simulink R2018b. The model integrates a PV array, MPPT controller, DC-DC boost converter, three-phase voltage source inverter (VSI), LC filter, synchronous generator, and a bidirectional energy meter. A smart billing subsystem was developed to compute real-time energy costs using differential tariff rates consistent with South African utility policies. Simulations were conducted under fixed irradiance, with electrical performance evaluated over a short interval and billing dynamics assessed over an extended period. Results show stable PV generation, proper inverter synchronization with the utility grid, and accurate tracking of imported and exported energy. The system effectively calculates the net bill, demonstrating transparency, automation, and economic accuracy in line with policy-driven net billing frameworks. These outcomes validate the technical feasibility and practical relevance of smart net billing meters in modern grid-connected renewable energy applications. Full article
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17 pages, 430 KB  
Article
Analysis of the Dynamic Performance of Self-Excited Induction Generators Employed in Renewable Energy Generation
by Mohamed E. A. Farrag and Ghanim A. Putrus
Energies 2014, 7(1), 278-294; https://doi.org/10.3390/en7010278 - 10 Jan 2014
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 7716
Abstract
Incentives, such as the Feed-in-tariff are expected to lead to continuous increase in the deployment of Small Scale Embedded Generation (SSEG) in the distribution network. Self-Excited Induction Generators (SEIG) represent a significant segment of potential SSEG. The quality of SEIG output voltage magnitude [...] Read more.
Incentives, such as the Feed-in-tariff are expected to lead to continuous increase in the deployment of Small Scale Embedded Generation (SSEG) in the distribution network. Self-Excited Induction Generators (SEIG) represent a significant segment of potential SSEG. The quality of SEIG output voltage magnitude and frequency is investigated in this paper to support the SEIG operation for different network operating conditions. The dynamic behaviour of the SEIG resulting from disconnection, reconnection from/to the grid and potential operation in islanding mode is studied in detail. The local load and reactive power supply are the key factors that determine the SEIG performance, as they have significant influence on the voltage and frequency change after disconnection from the grid. Hence, the aim of this work is to identify the optimum combination of the reactive power supply (essential for self excitation of the SEIG) and the active load (essential for balancing power generation and demand). This is required in order to support the SEIG operation after disconnection from the grid, during islanding and reconnection to the grid. The results show that the generator voltage and speed (frequency) can be controlled and maintained within the statuary limits. This will enable safe disconnection and reconnection of the SEIG from/to the grid and makes it easier to operate in islanding mode. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Smart Grids: The Electrical Power Network and Communication System)
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