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Keywords = slender amaranth

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22 pages, 2440 KB  
Article
Crop Productivity, Phytochemicals, and Bioactivities of Wild and Grown in Controlled Environment Slender Amaranth (Amaranthus viridis L.)
by Tatiana Pagan Loeiro da Cunha-Chiamolera, Tarik Chileh-Chelh, Miguel Urrestarazu, Mohamed Ezzaitouni, Rosalía López-Ruiz, Manuela Gallón-Bedoya, Miguel Á. Rincón-Cervera and José L. Guil-Guerrero
Agronomy 2024, 14(9), 2038; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14092038 - 6 Sep 2024
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2617
Abstract
Amaranthus viridis L. is a wild edible plant that occasionally is cultivated as an alternative crop because of its interest as a functional food and its adaptation to high-saline soils. In this work, leaves from A. viridis were compared with their grown in [...] Read more.
Amaranthus viridis L. is a wild edible plant that occasionally is cultivated as an alternative crop because of its interest as a functional food and its adaptation to high-saline soils. In this work, leaves from A. viridis were compared with their grown in controlled environment (GCE) counterparts in a soilless system at electrical conductivities (EC) and different light exposures for assessing growth parameters, moisture, total phenolic and total flavonoid content, phenolic compound profiles, vitamin C, antioxidant activity, and antiproliferative activity against the HT–29 human colorectal cancer cell line. The highest biomass production was obtained using EC of 2.5 dS m−1 and the AP67 Milk LED lamp. Vitamin C in wild samples ranged from 83.1 to 104.9 mg 100 g−1 fresh weight (fw), and in GCE ones, it ranged from 112.3 to 236.7 mg 100 g−1 fw. Measured by the DPPH and ABTS assays, the antioxidant activity was higher in wild than in GCE plants: the ranges for wild samples were in the 1.8–4.9 and 2.0–3.9 mmol of Trolox Equivalent (TE) 100 g−1 dry weight (dw) ranges, and for GCE ones in the 1.3–1.9 and 1.5–2.2 mmol TE 100 g−1 dw ranges, respectively. As for phenolic compounds, in wild samples, the range was from 14.65 to 22.70 mg 100 g−1 fw, and these amounts were much higher than those found in their GCE counterparts, in which the range was from 2.58 to 5.95 mg 100 g−1 fw. In wild plants three compounds, namely trans-p-coumaric acid, isorhamnetin-3-O-glucoside, and nicotiflorin, accounted for more than half of the total quantified phenolic compounds. The MTT assay revealed concentration- and time-dependent inhibitory effects on HT–29 cells for all checked extracts. Cancer cells were less influenced by extracts from GCE plants, which showed higher GI50 compared to wild plants. This work improves knowledge on the growth parameters, phytochemical profiles, and biological activities of wild and GCE A. viridis. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Plant-Crop Biology and Biochemistry)
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11 pages, 1539 KB  
Article
Occurrence of Multiple Glyphosate-Resistant Weeds in Brazilian Citrus Orchards
by Gabriel da Silva Amaral, Ricardo Alcántara-de la Cruz, Rodrigo Martinelli, Luiz Renato Rufino Junior, Leonardo Bianco de Carvalho, Fernando Alves de Azevedo and Maria Fátima das Graças Fernandes da Silva
AgriEngineering 2023, 5(2), 1068-1078; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriengineering5020067 - 14 Jun 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2708
Abstract
Glyphosate is the most widely used herbicide for weed control in citrus orchards in Brazil; therefore, it is likely that several species have gained resistance to this herbicide and that more than one resistant species can be found in the same orchard. The [...] Read more.
Glyphosate is the most widely used herbicide for weed control in citrus orchards in Brazil; therefore, it is likely that several species have gained resistance to this herbicide and that more than one resistant species can be found in the same orchard. The objective was to identify weeds resistant to glyphosate in citrus orchards from different regions of the São Paulo State (SP) and determine how many resistant species are present within the same orchard. Seeds of Amaranthus deflexus, A. hybridus, Bidens pilosa, Chloris elata, Conyza bonariensis, Digitaria insularis, Solanum Americanum, and Tridax procumbens, which, as reported by growers, are suspected to be resistant to glyphosate, were collected from plants that survived the last application of this herbicide (>720 g of acid equivalent [ae] ha–1) in sweet orange and Tahiti acid lime orchards. Based on dose–response and shikimic acid accumulation assays, all populations of A. deflexus, A. hybridus, B. pilosa, and T. procumbens were sensitive to glyphosate. However, populations of B. pilosa from the Olimpia region (R-NS, R-PT and R-OdA) showed signs of resistance based on plant mortality rates by 50% within a population (LD50 = 355–460 g ae ha−1). All populations of C. bonariensis, C. elata, and D. insularis were resistant to glyphosate, presenting resistance ratios from 1.9 to 27.6 and low shikimate accumulation rates. Solanum americanum also showed resistance, with resistance ratios ranging from 4.3 to 25.4. Most of the citrus orchards sampled presented the occurrence of more than one species resistant to glyphosate: Nossa Senhora—one species; Olhos D’agua and Passatempo—two species; Araras—four species; and Cordeiropolis and Mogi-Mirim—up to five species. The results reported in this paper provide evidence of multiple species in citrus orchards from São Paulo that have exhibited resistance to glyphosate. This underscores the difficulties in managing glyphosate-resistant weeds which are prevalent throughout the country, such as C. bonariensis and D. insularis. The presence of these resistant species further complicates the control of susceptible species that may also develop resistance. In addition, the glyphosate resistance of S. americanum was identified for the first time. Full article
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10 pages, 1734 KB  
Article
Glyphosate Resistance in Amaranthus viridis in Brazilian Citrus Orchards
by Ricardo Alcántara-de la Cruz, Gabriel da Silva Amaral, Guilherme Moraes de Oliveira, Luiz Renato Rufino, Fernando Alves de Azevedo, Leonardo Bianco de Carvalho and Maria Fátima das Graças Fernandes da Silva
Agriculture 2020, 10(7), 304; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture10070304 - 20 Jul 2020
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 5451
Abstract
Glyphosate is the main tool for weed management in Brazilian citrus orchards, where weeds, such as Conyza bonariensis and Digitaria insularis, have been found with resistance to this herbicide. Field prospections have allowed the identification of a possible new case of glyphosate [...] Read more.
Glyphosate is the main tool for weed management in Brazilian citrus orchards, where weeds, such as Conyza bonariensis and Digitaria insularis, have been found with resistance to this herbicide. Field prospections have allowed the identification of a possible new case of glyphosate resistance. In this work, the susceptibility levels to glyphosate on three Amaranthus viridis L. populations, with suspected resistance (R1, R2, and R-IAC), collected in citrus orchards from the São Paulo State, Brazil, as well as their accumulation rates of shikimic acid, were determined. The fresh weight of the susceptible population (S) was reduced by 50% (GR50) with ~30 g ea ha−1 glyphosate, while the GR50 values of the R populations were between 5.4 and 11.3 times higher than that for S population. The LD50 (herbicide dose to kill 50% of individuals of a weed population) values of the S population were ≤150 g ea ha−1 glyphosate, while the LD50 of the R populations ranged from 600 to 920 g ea ha−1. Based on the reduction of fresh weight and the survival rate, the R1 population showed the highest level of glyphosate resistance, which had GR50 and LD50 values of 248 and 918 g ea ha−1 glyphosate, respectively. The S population accumulated 240 µg shikimic acid at 1000 µM glyphosate, while the R1, R2, and R-IAC populations accumulated only 16, 43, and 33 µg shikimic acid, respectively (between 5.6 to 15 times less than the S population). Enzyme activity assays suggested that at least one target site-type mechanism was involved in resistance. This result revealed the first report of glyphosate resistance in A. viridis reported in the world. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Weed Ecology and New Approaches for Management)
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