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In quantum secure multi-party summation protocols, some attackers can impersonate legitimate participants in the summation process, and easily steal the summation results from the participants. This is often overlooked for existing secure multi-party summation protocols, thus rendering them insecure. Based on commutative encryption, a quantum secure multi-party summation protocol with identity authentication is proposed in this paper. In the protocol, each participant encodes a secret integer on photons via unitary operations. At the same time, a one-way hash function technique with a key is utilized to perform identity authentication operations for each participant. Finally, the summation is calculated with the help of a semi-trusted third party. The analysis of the protocol shows that the proposed protocol is correct and resistant to common and impersonation attacks. Compared to related protocols, the use and measurement of single photons makes the protocol easier to implement into existing technology. Furthermore, the simulation experiments on the IBM Q Experience cloud platform demonstrate the effectiveness of the presented protocol. Full article

In this paper, we propose a secure multi-party summation based on single photons. With the help of a semi-honest third party, n participants can simultaneously obtain the summation result without revealing their secret inputs. Our protocol uses single photon states as the information carriers. In addition, each participant with secret input only performs simple single-particle operators rather than particle preparation and any complex quantum measurements. These features make our protocol more feasible to implement. We demonstrate the correctness and security of the proposed protocol, which is resistant to participant attack and outside attack. In the end, we compare in detail the performance of the quantum summation protocol in this paper with other schemes in terms of different indicators. By comparison, our protocol is efficient and easy to implement. Full article

Quantum summation is one of the various applications in secure multi-party computation. However, most of the existing quantum summation protocols assume that the participants possess all the quantum devices. Considering future applications, the capability of the participants must be adjusted before it can be put into practical use. Although Boyer et al. proposed that the semi-quantum environment could be used to solve this problem; another practical problem is the interference by noise. In 2022, Ye et al. proposed a two-party semi-quantum summation (SQS) protocol resistant to the interference of collective noise, in which two classical participants can accomplish the summation of their private binary sequences with the assistance of a quantum semi-honest third party. They proved that their SQS protocol is resistant to various eavesdropping attacks. This paper unveils two risks of information leakage in Ye et al.’s SQS protocol. If the aforementioned security issues are not resolved, Ye et al.’s SQS protocol may not be able to perform private quantum computations securely. Fortunately, the SQS protocol against the collective-dephasing noise proposed in this study is free from the issue of information leakage as well as resistant to various quantum attacks. In addition, the quantum efficiency of the SQS protocol proposed in this study is four times higher than that of Ye et al.’s SQS protocol, which can effectively improve the quantum utilization rate. Full article