Search Results (6)

Information and communications technologies play a vital role in achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and bridging the gap between developed and developing countries. However, various socioeconomic factors adversely impact the deployment of digital infrastructure, such as 5G networks, in the countries of Oceania. The high-speed broadband fifth-generation cellular network (5G) will improve the quality of service for growing mobile users and the massive Internet of Things (IoT). It will also provide ultra-low-latency services required by smart city applications. This study investigates the planning process for a 5G radio access network incorporating sub-6 GHz macro-remote radio units (MRRUs) and mmWave micro-remote radio units (mRRUs). We carefully define an optimization problem for 5G network planning, considering the characteristics of urban macro-cells (UMa) and urban micro-cells (UMi) with appropriate channel models and link budgets. We determine the minimum number of MRRUs and mRRUs that can be installed in each area while meeting coverage and user traffic requirements. This will ensure adequate broadband low-latency network coverage with micro-cells instead of macro-cells. This study evaluates the technical feasibility analysis of combining terrestrial and airborne networks to provide 5G coverage in Oceania, with a special emphasis on Fiji. Full article

The analysis of multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) channel capacity is important for developing and optimizing high-speed wireless communication systems that can meet the growing demand for data-intensive applications. This study aims to analyze the 4 × 4 MIMO channel capacity of outdoor urban and rural environments using the NYUSIM simulator. The channel models are designed for 28 GHz and 39 GHz frequencies for both line-of-sight (LOS) and non-line-of-sight (NLOS) conditions. Realistic channel models are simulated using annual climate data collected in Samsun province, Turkey in three different environments: urban microcell (UMi), urban macrocell (UMa), and rural macrocell (RMa) areas. According to the annual average channel capacity analysis, it is observed that there is a very small capacity difference between UMi and UMa areas at 28 GHz and 39 GHz frequencies in the LOS region, while the RMa area is found to have a very low capacity compared to the UMi and UMa areas. The channel capacity for RMa is found to be approximately eight times smaller than UMi and UMa. In the NLOS region, channel capacities decrease significantly (between 312 and 3953 times) compared to the LOS region, with the UMa area having the greatest capacity and the UMi area having the lowest capacity. Compared to the UMi channel capacity, the RMa channel capacity is 1.36 times higher for 28 GHz and 1.28 times higher for 39 GHz. When the monthly changes in channel capacity are examined, it is discovered that the amount of precipitation has the greatest impact on channel capacity, and the capacity decreases as the rain rate increases. The highest correlation between channel capacity and rain rate was −0.97 for RMa, with a 28 GHz frequency and LOS conditions. Additionally, it becomes clear that channel capacities increase in the summer months as the temperature rises and humidity and pressure fall. Full article

In this study, we investigated the coexistence of the 5G communication network with a fixed-satellite service (FSS) in the 3.5 GHz and 26 GHz frequency bands. We analyzed an angular protection scheme for the FSS Earth station (ES) and 5G base stations (BSs). In addition, we defined the fixed BS-ES relative location, relative distance, and angular changes. The angular protection was integrated into the exclusion and restricted zones proposed by the distance protection scheme for simulation analysis to develop a transmit power control scheme based on the Citizens Broadband Radio Service. Its performances were extensively analyzed through simulations. The proposed scheme was evaluated in practical scenarios: rural macrocells, urban macrocells, and urban microcells, as defined by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP). The influence of antenna type was also researched, and BSs with 4 × 4, 8 × 8 and 16 × 16 antenna arrays, as specified by 3GPP, were considered for 5G networks. Finally, the results prove that the angular protection solution can solve the coexistence of the 5G system and the FSS. In addition, when angular protection and distance protection are used simultaneously, the coexistence effect of the two systems can be strengthened. Moreover, this work provides a quantitative perception for selecting system parameters, including an interference margin for the different scenarios and antenna types, the exclusion size, and the reduction area. Full article

This contribution firstly proposed the concept of annual average power generation hours and analyzed per capita energy consumption, carbon emission, and the human development index from a macro perspective. On this basis, we compared the average household electrical energy consumption of urban and rural residents based on the data from CGSS-2015 from a micro perspective. The results show the positive correlation between carbon emissions per capita and the human development index and China’s regional imbalance characteristics between household electricity consumption and renewable energy distribution. Therefore, the distributed energy supply system is proposed as an effective complement to centralized power generation systems and is the key to synergizing human development and carbon emissions in China. Moreover, we analyzed the characteristics of distributed energy supply systems in the context of existing energy supply systems, pointing out the need to fully use solar energy and natural gas. Finally, two types of typical distributed energy supply systems are proposed for satisfying the household energy requirements in remote or rural areas of western and the eastern or coastal areas of China, respectively. Two typical distributed energy systems integrate high-efficiency energy conversion, storage, and transfer devices such as electric heat pumps, photovoltaic thermal, heat and electricity storage, and fuel cells. Full article

In this paper, we investigate the coexistence of the 5G communication network with a fixed-satellite service (FSS) in the 3.5 GHz and 26 GHz frequency bands. We analyze a distance protection scheme for the FSS Earth station (ES) and 5G base stations (BS). Furthermore, we define the exclusion and restriction zones to develop a transmit power control scheme based on the Citizens Broadband Radio Service (CBRS). An interactive power control scheme is also devised for the restriction zone and extensively analyzed through simulations. The proposed scheme is examined for practical scenarios such as the rural macrocells (RMa), urban macrocells (UMa), and urban microcells (UMi) as defined by the 3GPP. The impact of the antenna type is also investigated, and BSs with omnidirectional, 4 × 4, 8 × 8, and 16 × 16 antenna arrays are examined, as defined by 3GPP, for the 5G networks. The results confirm that 5G systems can coexist with the FSS and provide quantitative insights into the selection of the system parameters, including interference margins, exclusion sizes, and reduction zones, for different scenarios and antenna types. Full article

In this work, discrete Fourier transform (DFT)-based channel estimation is proposed in generalized frequency division multiplexing (GFDM) system. In the GFDM system, the subcarriers are non-orthogonal; therefore, the pilot symbols cannot be easily observed due to the interference from data symbols and noise. The proposed method can improve the channel estimation of least square (LS) method by eliminating channel impulse response outside the number of actual impulse response. First, the received signal is demodulated using zero forcing demodulator. Then, it is divided with transmitted pilot symbols to obtain channel response. Interpolation in frequency and time domains is conducted to acquire channel response for all GFDM blocks. Finally, the channel estimation algorithm using DFT is performed. The parameters of the system are adjusted so that they are suitable for tactile internet application. The channel model used is NYUSIM, which utilizes mmWave. Three scenarios in NYUSIM such as urban microcell, urban macro cell and rural macro cell are used and power delay profiles generated from NYUSIM simulator are employed in this system. The results show that mean square error (MSE) from DFT-based channel estimation gives substantial improvement for all scenarios. In addition, symbol error rate (SER) of DFT-based channel estimation provides a slight improvement of $~$1.5 dB than LS channel estimation. Full article