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Keywords = resulfurization

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23 pages, 10361 KB  
Article
Analysis of the Material and Coating of the Nameplate of Vila D. Bosco in Macau
by Liang Zheng, Jianyi Zheng, Xiyue He and Yile Chen
Materials 2025, 18(10), 2190; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18102190 - 9 May 2025
Viewed by 827
Abstract
This study focuses on the nameplate of Vila D. Bosco, a modern building in Macau from the time of Portuguese rule, and looks at the types of metal materials and surface coatings used, as well as how they corrode due to the tropical [...] Read more.
This study focuses on the nameplate of Vila D. Bosco, a modern building in Macau from the time of Portuguese rule, and looks at the types of metal materials and surface coatings used, as well as how they corrode due to the tropical marine climate affecting the building’s metal parts. The study uses different techniques, such as X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF), scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), attenuated total internal reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), and cross-sectional microscopic analysis, to carefully look at the metal, corrosion products, and coating of the nameplate. The results show that (1) the nameplate matrix is a resulfurized steel with a high sulfur content (Fe up to 97.3% and S up to 1.98%), and the sulfur element is evenly distributed inside, which is one of the internal factors that induce corrosion. (2) Rust is composed of polycrystalline iron oxides such as goethite (α-FeOOH), hematite (α-Fe2O3), and magnetite (Fe3O4) and has typical characteristics of atmospheric oxidation. (3) The white and yellow-green coatings on the nameplate are oil-modified alkyd resin paints, and the color pigments are TiO2, PbCrO4, etc. The surface layer of the letters is protected by a polyvinyl alcohol layer. The paint application process leads to differences in the thickness of the paint in different regions, which directly affects the anti-rust performance. The study reveals the deterioration mechanism of resulfurized steel components in a subtropical polluted environment and puts forward repair suggestions that consider both material compatibility and reversibility, providing a reference for the protection practice of modern and contemporary architectural metal heritage in Macau and even in similar geographical environments. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Materials in Cultural Heritage: Analysis, Testing, and Preservation)
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13 pages, 4316 KB  
Article
Influence of Top Slag Containing TiO2 and VOx on Hot Metal Pre-Desulfurization
by Biwen Yang, Bo Song, Liang Chen, Honghong Sun, Derek O. Northwood, Kristian E. Waters and Hao Ma
Metals 2024, 14(8), 910; https://doi.org/10.3390/met14080910 - 11 Aug 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1325
Abstract
The desulfurization capacity of top slag in the process of pre-desulfurization of hot metal containing vanadium and titanium was researched. The top slag system of CaO-SiO2-MgO-Al2O3-TiO2-VOx that was formed by blast furnace slag and [...] Read more.
The desulfurization capacity of top slag in the process of pre-desulfurization of hot metal containing vanadium and titanium was researched. The top slag system of CaO-SiO2-MgO-Al2O3-TiO2-VOx that was formed by blast furnace slag and a CaO desulfurization agent reduced the sulfur in hot metal from 0.08 wt.% to 0.02 wt.%. It was found that the resulfurization of the slag happened in the later periods of the desulfurization process. The vanadium–titanium oxides were both acidic in the desulfurization slag. TiO2 and VOx reacted with the basic oxides to form CaTiO3 and MgV2O4 at 1623 K, which reduced free CaO and was not conducive to top slag desulfurization. The results of calculation showed that the top slag desulfurization accounted for 15% of the total desulfurization. Using the ionic and molecule coexistence theory of slag structure, it is shown that the desulfurization efficiency could be enhanced by adjusting both the amount of desulfurization agent and the composition of the blast furnace slag before pre-desulfurization. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modeling Thermodynamic Systems and Optimizing Metallurgical Processes)
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16 pages, 10804 KB  
Article
Effect of Sulfur Content on the Inclusion and Mechanical Properties in Ce-Mg Treated Resulfurized SCr420H Steel
by Meng Sun, Zhouhua Jiang, Yang Li, Changyong Chen, Shuai Ma, Yongshuai Ji, Ju Wang and Hang Liu
Metals 2022, 12(1), 136; https://doi.org/10.3390/met12010136 - 11 Jan 2022
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 5382
Abstract
To clarify the effect of sulfur on inclusions and mechanical properties of Ce-Mg treated resulfurized SCr420H steel. Laboratory experiments were conducted to prepare steels with sulfur contents as 0.01%, 0.06%, and 0.132%. Inclusion evolution in liquid steel, MnS precipitation during solidification, and tensile [...] Read more.
To clarify the effect of sulfur on inclusions and mechanical properties of Ce-Mg treated resulfurized SCr420H steel. Laboratory experiments were conducted to prepare steels with sulfur contents as 0.01%, 0.06%, and 0.132%. Inclusion evolution in liquid steel, MnS precipitation during solidification, and tensile test results of steel after quenching and tempering were investigated. The results showed that due to the limitation of mass transfer in molten steel, composite inclusion that Ce-O-S wrapped by Ce-Ca-Mg-Al-Si-O, which was named transition state inclusions, can form quickly after adding Ce-Mg lump to the molten steel. As the homogenization of molten steel, the difference of sulfur content in steel can lead to the transition state inclusions transformed into different inclusions. With the increase of sulfur content, the quantity of MnS increased significantly, and the morphology of MnS transformed from “stick” to “dendritic + fishbone”, and then to “fishbone”. Tensile test results and fracture analysis indicate that the decline of inclusion spacing as the increase of sulfur content leads to a shorter physical path of crack propagation in steel. Therefore, the increase of sulfur content can bring about a decrease in the strength and plasticity of the steel. From the perspective of inclusion control, making the MnS inclusion precipitate more dispersive and increasing the distance between inclusions can be considered as a method for preventing the decline of mechanical properties in steel with high sulfur content. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Inclusion Metallurgy)
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8 pages, 3080 KB  
Communication
A Novel Electrochemical Process for Desulfurization in the CaO-SiO2-Al2O3 System
by Sang Hoon Lee and Dong Joon Min
Materials 2020, 13(11), 2478; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13112478 - 29 May 2020
Cited by 14 | Viewed by 2582
Abstract
The effect of electric potential on the sulfide capacity of the CaO-SiO2-Al2O3 system was evaluated by applying voltages in the range of −1.5 to 1.5 V at 1823 K in a C/CO gas equilibrium. When the cathodic potential [...] Read more.
The effect of electric potential on the sulfide capacity of the CaO-SiO2-Al2O3 system was evaluated by applying voltages in the range of −1.5 to 1.5 V at 1823 K in a C/CO gas equilibrium. When the cathodic potential (−1.5 to 0 V) was applied, it was confirmed that the sulfur partition ratio increased based on the electrochemical reaction of sulfur (S + 2e = S2−). However, the reversibility of the electrochemical resulfurization reaction (S2− = S + 2e) in slag was not established in the reverse (anodic) potential region (0–1.5 V), yet the sulfur partition ratio increased. In particular, sulfur evaporation was observed in the anodic potential region. Therefore, in the present study, potential anodic electro-desulfurization mechanisms based on sulfur evaporation are proposed. To verify these mechanisms, sulfur evaporation is discussed in detail as a function of the thermodynamic stability of sulfur in the slag. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Environment-Friendly Electrochemical Processes)
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16 pages, 4154 KB  
Article
Analysis of MnS Inclusions Formation in Resulphurised Steel via Modeling and Experiments
by Hui Liu, Delin Hu and Jianxun Fu
Materials 2019, 12(12), 2028; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12122028 - 24 Jun 2019
Cited by 29 | Viewed by 3604
Abstract
Controlling the formation of MnS inclusions during solidification influences the mechanical properties and machinability of the resulfurized steel. A coupled segregation–nucleation–growth model was developed by the finite-difference method involving solute redistribution, heterogeneous nucleation and growth kinetics. Laboratory solidification experiments were performed under various [...] Read more.
Controlling the formation of MnS inclusions during solidification influences the mechanical properties and machinability of the resulfurized steel. A coupled segregation–nucleation–growth model was developed by the finite-difference method involving solute redistribution, heterogeneous nucleation and growth kinetics. Laboratory solidification experiments were performed under various cooling rates in resulphurised 49MnVS steel. In this work, the influence of cooling rate on solute redistribution and growth size of MnS inclusions were simulated using the current coupled model, and the calculated results can provide a valuable reference for MnS formation. Increasing of the cooling rate led to early precipitation and refinement of formed MnS inclusions. Based on the simulation results and experimental data, mathematical relationships between the growing size of MnS with the cooling rate in the low ductility temperature region and in the whole solidification were obtained. Full article
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17 pages, 8703 KB  
Article
Morphology Study on Inclusion Modifications Using Mg–Ca Treatment in Resulfurized Special Steel
by Ping Shen and Jianxun Fu
Materials 2019, 12(2), 197; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12020197 - 9 Jan 2019
Cited by 52 | Viewed by 6178
Abstract
In resulfurized special steel, MnS and Al2O3 are two main inclusions that deteriorate fatigue life and machinability. It is important that these two inclusions should be well controlled to increase steel quality and usage performance. In the present study, a [...] Read more.
In resulfurized special steel, MnS and Al2O3 are two main inclusions that deteriorate fatigue life and machinability. It is important that these two inclusions should be well controlled to increase steel quality and usage performance. In the present study, a Mg–Ca treatment was employed to modify the MnS and Al2O3 inclusions in resulfurized steels to reduce detrimental effects on fatigue life and machinability. In the laboratory study, Ni–Mg alloy was added to 16MnCrS5 and 49MnVS3 steels. Both Al2O3 and CaO–Al2O3 were gradually modified to MgO·Al2O3 and MgO, being surrounded by MnS, that is, a complex inclusion with an oxide core and sulfide outer layer was formed. The amount of the complex inclusion increased with Mg content. In the hot forging experiment, non-Mg treated inclusions were in the morphology of long strip, while those with Mg treatment were seen to be less deformed with spherical morphology of low aspect ratio in which case inclusions had less effect on steel mechanical properties. The Mg–Ca treatment was also applied to the manufacture of resulfurized special steel in steel plants. The scanning electron microscope–energy dispersive spectrometer and statistical results agreed well with those in the laboratory studies. Full article
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11 pages, 2338 KB  
Article
Formation and Evolution of Inclusions with Different Adding Order of Magnesium and Sulfur in Al-Killed Free-Cutting Steel
by Yi Min, Qingsong Zhang, Haisheng Xu, Jiujian Xu and Chengjun Liu
Metals 2018, 8(12), 1064; https://doi.org/10.3390/met8121064 - 14 Dec 2018
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3225
Abstract
To reveal the effect of adding order of magnesium and sulfur on the evolution of inclusions in Al-killed free-cutting steel, both deoxidized experiments and thermodynamic calculations were carried out in this paper. The samples, which were extracted from the liquid steel at different [...] Read more.
To reveal the effect of adding order of magnesium and sulfur on the evolution of inclusions in Al-killed free-cutting steel, both deoxidized experiments and thermodynamic calculations were carried out in this paper. The samples, which were extracted from the liquid steel at different time after magnesium and sulfur addition, were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy. The results showed that the adding order had a significant influence on the formation and evolution of inclusions. In the case of magnesium added before sulfur, MgO formed immediately after magnesium addition and then transformed to spinel accompanied by MeS (Mg0.9Mn0.1S) after sulfur addition. In the case of sulfur added prior to magnesium, MgO and MeS precipitated simultaneously after magnesium addition. During the equilibrium solidification, the transformation of MgO to spinel was calculated to take place before MnS precipitated from the saturated liquid steel. Full article
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