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13 pages, 1609 KiB  
Article
Comparative Evaluation of Natural Mouthrinses and Chlorhexidine in Dental Plaque Management: A Pilot Randomized Clinical Trial
by Ioana Elena Lile, Tareq Hajaj, Ioana Veja, Tiberiu Hosszu, Ligia Luminița Vaida, Liana Todor, Otilia Stana, Ramona-Amina Popovici and Diana Marian
Healthcare 2025, 13(10), 1181; https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare13101181 - 19 May 2025
Viewed by 2027
Abstract
Aim: This study evaluated the efficacy of mouthrinses containing natural compounds—specifically, propolis and green tea extracts—in reducing bacterial dental plaque compared to a placebo and a 0.2% chlorhexidine rinse. We hypothesized that these natural compounds would significantly reduce plaque accumulation, with efficacy comparable [...] Read more.
Aim: This study evaluated the efficacy of mouthrinses containing natural compounds—specifically, propolis and green tea extracts—in reducing bacterial dental plaque compared to a placebo and a 0.2% chlorhexidine rinse. We hypothesized that these natural compounds would significantly reduce plaque accumulation, with efficacy comparable to chlorhexidine. Objective: The objective was to evaluate the short-term efficacy of two natural mouthrinses—10% propolis and 5% green tea—compared to a placebo and 0.2% chlorhexidine in reducing dental plaque. Trial Design: The trial design was a randomized, placebo-controlled, parallel-group clinical trial with a 1:1:1:1 allocation ratio. Materials and Methods: In a single-blind, randomized, controlled trial, 60 healthy adult volunteers received a professional mechanical plaque removal (PMPR) and were then randomized into four groups (n = 15 each): a propolis mouthwash, a green tea mouthwash, a 0.2% chlorhexidine mouthwash (positive control), and a placebo rinse. The participants rinsed twice daily for four weeks in addition to standard tooth brushing. The plaque levels were assessed using the Silness–Löe plaque index at baseline and after four weeks. The data were analyzed using ANOVA and post hoc tests (α = 0.05). Ethical approval and informed consent were obtained. Results: All groups had similar baseline plaque scores (≈2.5). After four weeks, the propolis and green tea groups showed significant reductions in plaque (mean indices of 1.02 and 1.12, respectively) compared to the placebo group (mean index = 2.01, p < 0.001). The chlorhexidine group achieved a mean plaque index of 0.90. The propolis rinse showed no significant difference from chlorhexidine (p = 0.40), indicating comparable efficacy. The green tea rinse had a slightly higher plaque index than chlorhexidine (p = 0.03). No significant adverse effects were reported. Conclusions: Mouthwashes containing 10% propolis or 5% green tea significantly reduced dental plaque, with propolis demonstrating efficacy comparable to 0.2% chlorhexidine. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Contemporary Oral and Dental Health Care: Issues and Challenges)
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12 pages, 252 KiB  
Article
Toothbrushing Frequency in Saudi Arabia: Associations with Sociodemographics, Oral Health Access, General Health, and Diet
by Naif Nabel Abogazalah, Amani Alzubaidi, Saleh Ali Alqahtani, Nada Ahmad Alamoudi and Esperanza Angeles Martinez-Mier
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2025, 22(5), 764; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph22050764 - 13 May 2025
Viewed by 650
Abstract
This study explores the toothbrushing frequency and its association with sociodemographic factors, health status, and dietary habits in Saudi Arabia. Using data from the 2017 National Demographic and Health Survey by the Ministry of Health, we analyzed responses from 44,779 individuals aged five [...] Read more.
This study explores the toothbrushing frequency and its association with sociodemographic factors, health status, and dietary habits in Saudi Arabia. Using data from the 2017 National Demographic and Health Survey by the Ministry of Health, we analyzed responses from 44,779 individuals aged five and older. Statistical analysis using SPSS and multinomial regression revealed that 57.3% of the population brushed their teeth less than once a day. Differences were noted across regions, ages, and genders. Key factors associated with increased brushing frequency included age (45–54 vs. older than 60), nationality (Saudi vs. non-Saudi), region (Western vs. Central), and marital status (married vs. non-married). Conversely, individuals with co-morbidities, disabilities, smokers, and those without prior dental treatment were less likely to maintain recommended oral hygiene practices. Our findings suggest that toothbrushing practices fall short of professional recommendations, highlighting a need for enhanced educational efforts. Oral health care providers in Saudi Arabia are encouraged to implement regular awareness programs to improve brushing habits and overall oral hygiene. Full article
13 pages, 1683 KiB  
Review
Artificial-Intelligence-Based Smart Toothbrushes for Oral Health and Patient Education: A Review
by Vanshika Maini, Rupanjan Roy, Gargi Gandhi, Aditi Chopra and Subraya G. Bhat
Hygiene 2025, 5(1), 5; https://doi.org/10.3390/hygiene5010005 - 4 Feb 2025
Viewed by 8362
Abstract
Artificial intelligence (AI) is one of the most promising technological advancements that have revolutionized the healthcare sector (medicine and dentistry). AI and its subsets, such as machine learning (ML), artificial neural networks (ANNs), and deep learning (DL), are being used in dentistry for [...] Read more.
Artificial intelligence (AI) is one of the most promising technological advancements that have revolutionized the healthcare sector (medicine and dentistry). AI and its subsets, such as machine learning (ML), artificial neural networks (ANNs), and deep learning (DL), are being used in dentistry for data recording and management, patient education, radiographic interpretation, diagnosis, and treatment plans. AI and ML tools are commonly employed to improve oral hygiene and patient compliance. This narrative review paper discusses the innovations in AI-based plaque control aids (toothbrushes and interdental aids) that have improved overall health and patients’ hygiene compliance. We performed a literature search using different databases using the following keywords: “Artificial intelligence or machine learning or robots or robotics” AND “Toothbrush OR Smart toothbrush”. We included all the studies evaluating the use of any smart toothbrush, AI, or robotics for oral hygiene, plaque control, and patient education. AI-based smart toothbrushes helped patients to brush effectively by indicating the amount of pressure and the time taken for brushing, along with providing feedback on their brushing performance. Many microrobots can even recognize and automatically remove biofilm. Some AI-based smart toothbrushes are beneficial for children, patients with disabilities lack of manual dexterity, and neurological disorders. However, dental professionals choose AI-based smart toothbrushes for patients with poor oral hygiene and poor compliance for more effective control of oral diseases and to provide better health. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Oral and Dental Hygiene)
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11 pages, 247 KiB  
Article
The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Oral Hygiene Status of Children with High Caries Risk and Their Parents
by Zeliha Hatipoğlu Palaz, Nagehan Aktaş and Didem Atabek
COVID 2024, 4(12), 1897-1907; https://doi.org/10.3390/covid4120133 - 28 Nov 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1392
Abstract
Background: People consumed more sugary foods and neglected oral hygiene during the lockdowns due to the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. The study aimed to compare the oral hygiene status and dietary habits of children with high caries risk and their parents before and [...] Read more.
Background: People consumed more sugary foods and neglected oral hygiene during the lockdowns due to the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. The study aimed to compare the oral hygiene status and dietary habits of children with high caries risk and their parents before and after COVID-19. Methods: The study was conducted with the parents of 155 children aged 3–5 years. A questionnaire including both the children’s and parents’ dietary and oral hygiene habits was completed by the parents. Decay, missing, filling teeth (dmft/DMFT) status of the children was recorded before and after COVID-19. Results: A significant decrease was observed in the parents’ tooth brushing frequency (p = 0.028), while no difference was observed in the children’s brushing frequency before and after COVID-19 (p = 0.216). Both children and parents ate significantly more frequently (p = 0.047, p = 0.043). dmft/DMFT values increased significantly after COVID-19 (p = 0.005). Conclusions: The study showed that the COVID-19 pandemic had a limited effect on tooth brushing habits in children with high caries risk. Additionally, it resulted in increased consumption of sugary foods among both children and parents, exacerbating caries in children aged 3–5 years. Healthcare professionals and parents can work together to mitigate the negative effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on oral health, especially for high-caries-risk children. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue COVID and Public Health)
15 pages, 483 KiB  
Article
Oral State and Salivary Cortisol in Multiple Sclerosis Patients
by Aleksandra Kapel-Reguła, Justyna Chojdak-Łukasiewicz, Anna Rybińska, Irena Duś-Ilnicka and Małgorzata Radwan-Oczko
Biomedicines 2024, 12(10), 2277; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines12102277 - 8 Oct 2024
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1479
Abstract
Background: MS patients experience gradual and progressive functional limitation, bulbar symptoms, cognitive dysfunction, and psychiatric disorders that can impinge on oral status. This study aimed to investigate the oral state, oral hygiene habits, and salivary cortisol levels in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis [...] Read more.
Background: MS patients experience gradual and progressive functional limitation, bulbar symptoms, cognitive dysfunction, and psychiatric disorders that can impinge on oral status. This study aimed to investigate the oral state, oral hygiene habits, and salivary cortisol levels in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) compared to healthy controls. It also evaluated systemic parameters: disease duration, type of Disease Modifying Therapy (DMT), disability score, professional activity, and smoking in the study group. Methods: This study included 101 patients (71 women and 30 men, aged 16–71 years) and 51 healthy volunteers (36 women and 15 men, aged 28–82 years). The oral examination assessed the number of teeth, type and number of dental fillings and prosthetic restoration, oral hygiene state, and salivary cortisol. Results: It was found that MS patients had significantly more professional activity, swallowing problems, pronunciation issues, dry mouth, and taste disturbances than the control group. They brushed their teeth twice daily significantly less often. The API was higher, while the SBI was lower in MS patients. Disease duration positively correlated with age and number of missing teeth. The Expanded Disability Status Scale positively correlated with age, disease duration, number of missing teeth, number of composite fillings, and right and left-hand Nine Hole Peg test scores, and negatively correlated with the Sulcus Bleeding Index. Salivary cortisol levels did not differ between groups and correlated only with the disability scale. Conclusions: MS patients require ongoing dental care and preventive measures to manage both general and oral health symptoms effectively. Full article
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12 pages, 236 KiB  
Review
Maintaining Hygiene in Orthodontic Miniscrews: Patient Management and Protocols—A Literature Review
by Riccardo Favero, Martina Fabiane, Andrea Zuccon, Diego Conte and Francesco Saverio Ludovichetti
Dent. J. 2024, 12(7), 227; https://doi.org/10.3390/dj12070227 - 19 Jul 2024
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1772
Abstract
Background: Oral hygiene is crucial for the success of orthodontic therapy involving temporary anchoring devices like miniscrews. Plaque buildup, exacerbated by orthodontic appliances, causes inflammation that can undermine treatment outcomes. Individualized prevention plans based on patient risk factors are essential. This review emphasizes [...] Read more.
Background: Oral hygiene is crucial for the success of orthodontic therapy involving temporary anchoring devices like miniscrews. Plaque buildup, exacerbated by orthodontic appliances, causes inflammation that can undermine treatment outcomes. Individualized prevention plans based on patient risk factors are essential. This review emphasizes the importance of oral hygiene in orthodontic therapy with miniscrews, identifies optimal devices for ensuring long-term stability, and explores protocols for high-risk patients. Materials And Methods: A comprehensive search was conducted on two primary databases, PubMed and Google Scholar, for relevant articles on oral hygiene and inflammation. Fourteen articles meeting the inclusion criteria were selected, covering topics such as “orthodontic miniscrew”, “miniscrew and laser”, “miniscrew and mouthwash”, “electric toothbrush”, and “GBT”. Results: Inflammation can compromise miniscrew stability by damaging surrounding bone. Miniscrews of 10 mm length have lower failure rates due to better bone contact and stability. Chlorhexidine reduces inflammation risk and inhibits epithelialization around the implant head. Laser therapy enhances miniscrew stability and reduces inflammation. Chitosan effectively suppresses inflammatory mediators and prevents microorganism adhesion. Both sonic and roto-oscillating electric toothbrushes remove plaque effectively, with roto-oscillating brushes showing superior results. The Guided Biofilm Therapy (GBT) protocol offers professional hygiene benefits similar to traditional methods, with improved patient engagement and motivation. Conclusions: Home oral hygiene maintenance is paramount for preventing inflammatory complications. Professional interventions such as diode laser usage, particularly in adult patients with a history of periodontitis or underlying systemic conditions, can mitigate orthodontic therapy failure risks. The GBT protocol fosters a more comfortable and participatory professional hygiene experience for patients, promoting better oral health awareness and compliance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Orthodontics and New Technologies)
18 pages, 1695 KiB  
Article
An Observational Study on Changes in the Oral and Gut Microbiota through Professional Mechanical Tooth Cleaning, including Tooth-Brushing Instructions in Patients with Multi-Bracket Appliances
by Satoko Okuwaki, Kazuyoshi Hosomichi, Atsushi Tajima and Tetsutaro Yamaguchi
Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(19), 10843; https://doi.org/10.3390/app131910843 - 29 Sep 2023
Viewed by 2211
Abstract
Multi-bracket appliances have long been established as tools for treating malocclusions. However, the complex construction and difficulty in cleaning due to their long-term intraoral retention have hindered the prevention of caries and periodontitis. In this study, professional mechanical tooth cleaning (PMTC), including tooth-brushing [...] Read more.
Multi-bracket appliances have long been established as tools for treating malocclusions. However, the complex construction and difficulty in cleaning due to their long-term intraoral retention have hindered the prevention of caries and periodontitis. In this study, professional mechanical tooth cleaning (PMTC), including tooth-brushing instructions, was continuously performed for 3 months in 24 patients who had worn multi-bracket appliances for more than 6 months, and changes in the oral and gut microbiota were examined using one-way repeated-measures analysis of variance. Additionally, changes in bacterial flora associated with different treatment durations were verified using the Pearson correlation coefficient. The results showed that continuous PMTC significantly reduced the amount of plaque in the oral cavity. No significant changes were observed in the oral or gut microbiota and no significant increase in pathogenic bacteria was observed. Therefore, our results suggest that continuous PMTC during orthodontic treatment with multi-brackets may inhibit the growth of pathogenic bacteria by maintaining a clean oral environment and avoiding dysbiosis in both the oral and gut microbiota. Significant changes in the gut microbiota with different treatment durations suggested that differences in food intake and food choices at each treatment stage of orthodontic treatment may affect the gut microbiota. Full article
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10 pages, 260 KiB  
Article
Impact of Dental Anxiety on Dental Care Routine and Oral-Health-Related Quality of Life in a German Adult Population—A Cross-Sectional Study
by Christian H. Winkler, Monika Bjelopavlovic, Karl M. Lehmann, Katja Petrowski, Lisa Irmscher and Hendrik Berth
J. Clin. Med. 2023, 12(16), 5291; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12165291 - 14 Aug 2023
Cited by 25 | Viewed by 3441
Abstract
The interaction between dental anxiety and the establishment of a consistent dental care routine has been an ongoing challenge. Unfortunately, there is limited available data concerning the detailed dental care practices of individuals with dental anxiety. Therefore, this study aims to explore how [...] Read more.
The interaction between dental anxiety and the establishment of a consistent dental care routine has been an ongoing challenge. Unfortunately, there is limited available data concerning the detailed dental care practices of individuals with dental anxiety. Therefore, this study aims to explore how dental anxiety influences dental care habits and oral-health-related quality of life within an adult population. By utilizing the Dental Anxiety Scale (DAS) and the German Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP-G5), we assessed their extent. To evaluate the differences, we performed analyses of variance (Anova), an independent t-test and rank correlation. The findings of this study unveil a significant correlation between elevated DAS scores and reduced frequency of tooth brushing; calculus removal and appointments for professional teeth cleaning. Interestingly; the use of dental floss and mouthwash solution as well as toothbrush hardness appeared to be not significantly affected by dental fear. Moreover, individuals with dental anxiety demonstrated a preference for manual toothbrushes over electric ones. In addition, higher DAS scores were found to be strongly associated with greater OHIP-G5 scores, thus leading to a substantial decline in overall oral health-related quality of life. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Dentistry, Oral Surgery and Oral Medicine)
13 pages, 3662 KiB  
Article
Biofilm Adhesion and Micromorphology Analysis after Professional Oral Hygiene Procedures on CAD/CAM Milled and Veneered Zirconia Restorations: In Vitro Study
by Mirjana Perić, Aleksandra Čairović, Aleksandra Špadijer Gostović, Dragan Stanimirović, Marina Kostić, Marija Ivanov, Ana Ćirić, Jasmina Glamočlija and Vladimir B. Pavlović
Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(14), 8389; https://doi.org/10.3390/app13148389 - 20 Jul 2023
Viewed by 1574
Abstract
Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the surface texture and biofilm adhesion of veneered or CAD/CAM milled zirconia (partially stabilized with yttrium) after professional oral hygiene procedures. The samples (4 × 4 mm, thickness 2 mm; n  =  72) [...] Read more.
Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the surface texture and biofilm adhesion of veneered or CAD/CAM milled zirconia (partially stabilized with yttrium) after professional oral hygiene procedures. The samples (4 × 4 mm, thickness 2 mm; n  =  72) were separated from zirconia blanks (3Y-TZP-LA). One group was veenered with ceramics, and the other group of samples was CAD/CAM milled. Each group had two subgroups: polished and glazed. The samples were subjected to simulated strokes of professional brushing using abrasive paste and ultrasonic scaling. The parameters of surface micromorphology and receptivity to biofilm were calculated before and after simulating the given methods of the professional maintenance of oral hygiene. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to evaluate zirconia surface properties. Microbial (bacterial/fungal) species (Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus sanguinis and Candida albicans) were used and cultured on respective sterilized zirconia surfaces. Colony-forming unit (CFU) counts were used to quantify the amount of biofilm formation on zirconia samples surfaces. Results: The SEM analysis showed the greatest change in surface microtopography after the use of ultrasonic scaling on glazed zirconia samples. Less formation of colonies on the surfaces of CAD/CAM milled zirconia restorations was observed. Conclusion: Routine methods of oral hygiene professional maintenance can damage the surfaces of glazed zirconia restorations. Full article
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18 pages, 1412 KiB  
Article
Prevalence, Severity of Extension, and Risk Factors of Gingivitis in a 3-Month Pregnant Population: A Multicenter Cross-Sectional Study
by Jocelyne Gare, Aida Kanoute, Giovanna Orsini, Lucio Souza Gonçalves, Fahad Ali Alshehri, Denis Bourgeois and Florence Carrouel
J. Clin. Med. 2023, 12(9), 3349; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12093349 - 8 May 2023
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 7866
Abstract
The scope of this study was to assess the prevalence, severity of extension, and risk factors of gingivitis among pregnant women. In this cross-sectional study, 220 nulliparous women at 3 months of pregnancy were recruited in 2022 at the first obstetrical visit in [...] Read more.
The scope of this study was to assess the prevalence, severity of extension, and risk factors of gingivitis among pregnant women. In this cross-sectional study, 220 nulliparous women at 3 months of pregnancy were recruited in 2022 at the first obstetrical visit in Dakar, Senegal. Demographic characteristics, lifestyle habits, prenatal clinical status, and oral clinical parameters were recorded. Multivariable logistic regression modeling was used to assess relationships between gingivitis and risk factors. Eighty-eight percent of women had gingivitis, 15% were classified as moderate and 73% as severe. A total of 66.7% (95% CI [28.8–92.1]) of the sites had bleeding on interdental brushing. The odds for gingivitis decreased significantly for women consuming more than five portions of fruits and vegetables per day (OR = 0.15; 95% CI [0.03–0.66]) and increased in women who had a professional activity (OR = 6.75; 95% CI [1.27–35.87]) and high education. Concomitantly, the percentage of dental plaque (OR = 131.6; 95% CI [10.80–1619.71] and the severity of clinical attachment loss (OR = 7.70; 95% CI [3.16–18.92]) were important risk factors. Inverse associations were observed with increasing body mass index (OR = 0.76; 95% CI [0.63–0.93]). Our results underline that gingivitis cases and bleeding were particularly high among 3-month pregnant women. Literacy and adequate oral hygiene actions to modify behaviors and to achieve meticulous biofilm disorganization could make a favorable change in the gingival health outcome. Additionally, further research is necessary to precisely determine the role of biofilm-induced gingivitis and systemic-induced gingivitis in improving gingival conditions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Dentistry, Oral Surgery and Oral Medicine)
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13 pages, 1945 KiB  
Article
Effect of Different Artificial Staining Procedures on the Color Stability and Translucency of a Nano-Hybrid Resin-Based Composite
by Gaetano Paolone, Claudia Mazzitelli, Francesca Boggio, Lorenzo Breschi, Alessandro Vichi, Enrico Gherlone and Giuseppe Cantatore
Materials 2023, 16(6), 2336; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16062336 - 14 Mar 2023
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 2270
Abstract
Background: To evaluate the effect of different experimental staining procedures on color stability and translucency of a nano-hybrid resin-based composite (RBC). Methods: Forty-eight cylindrical-shaped specimens (10 × 2 mm) were prepared with a nano-hybrid RBC (Clearfil Majesty ES-2) and randomly divided in four [...] Read more.
Background: To evaluate the effect of different experimental staining procedures on color stability and translucency of a nano-hybrid resin-based composite (RBC). Methods: Forty-eight cylindrical-shaped specimens (10 × 2 mm) were prepared with a nano-hybrid RBC (Clearfil Majesty ES-2) and randomly divided in four groups according to the experimental staining procedure: G1) static immersion in a staining solution (coffee) (44 ± 1 °C); G2) staining cycling between coffee (44 ± 1°C) and distilled water (37 ± 1°C) with an experimental staining machine based on Arduino, an Open Source hardware development platform; G3) staining cycles as in G2 + brushing with a low abrasive toothpaste (Relative Dentin Abrasion RDA = 30) (Elmex Sensitive Professional); G4) staining cycles as in G3, with brushing performed with a very strong abrasive toothpaste (RDA = 90) (Lacult Active). Color parameters were recorded at the baseline (T0) after staining procedures (T1) and repolishing (T2) using a spectrophotometer. Color change (∆E00) and translucency (TP, CR) were evaluated. Data were statistically analyzed (p < 0.05). Results: For ∆E00 after staining, Group 1 showed the highest color change and Group 3 the lowest. All groups were significantly different (p < 0.001) except for Group 2 vs. Group 4; after repolishing, Group 1 was significantly higher than Group 3 (p < 0.001), Group 2 (p < 0.001), and Group 4 (p = 0.003); Group 2 was higher than Group 3 (p < 0.001). For TP variable, after staining procedures, Group 2 was significantly higher than all other groups (p < 0.001), and Group 1 was significantly higher than Group 3 (p < 0.001) and Group 4 (p = 0.007). After repolishing, Group 4 was significantly lower than Group 3 (p = 0.008) and Group 2 (p = 0.027). Repolishing procedure significantly reduced color parameters. Conclusions: The investigated staining procedure induced significant differences in color stability and translucency. The use of a very strong abrasive toothpaste (RDA = 90) induced higher color change than a low abrasive one (RDA = 30). Repolishing procedures are able to partially reduce color change induced by artificial staining procedures. Full article
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13 pages, 1068 KiB  
Review
Revisiting Periodontal Disease in Dogs: How to Manage This New Old Problem?
by Eva Cunha, Luís Tavares and Manuela Oliveira
Antibiotics 2022, 11(12), 1729; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics11121729 - 1 Dec 2022
Cited by 14 | Viewed by 14920
Abstract
Periodontal disease (PD) is one of the most prevalent oral inflammatory diseases in dogs. PD onset begins with the formation of a polymicrobial biofilm (dental plaque) on the surface of the teeth, followed by a local host inflammatory response. To manage this disease, [...] Read more.
Periodontal disease (PD) is one of the most prevalent oral inflammatory diseases in dogs. PD onset begins with the formation of a polymicrobial biofilm (dental plaque) on the surface of the teeth, followed by a local host inflammatory response. To manage this disease, several procedures focusing on the prevention and control of dental plaque establishment, as well as on the prevention of local and systemic PD-related consequences, are essential. The removal of dental plaque and the inhibition of its formation can be achieved by a combination of dental hygiene homecare procedures including tooth brushing, the application of different oral products and the use of specific diet and chew toys, and regular professional periodontal procedures. Additionally, in some cases, periodontal surgery may be required to reduce PD progression. Associated with these measures, host modulation therapy, antimicrobial therapy, and other innovative therapeutic options may be useful in PD management. Moreover, PD high prevalence and its relation with potential local and systemic consequences reinforce the need for investment in the development of new preventive measures, treatments, and oral procedures to improve the control of this disease in dogs. Knowledge on the specific guidelines and diversity of the available products and procedures are fundamental to apply the most adequate treatment to each dog with PD. Full article
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10 pages, 2589 KiB  
Article
Periodontal Maintenance Therapy: Efficacy of Oral Irrigator in the Home Oral Hygiene Protocol Associated with Microbiological Analysis with Phase Contrast Microscope
by Paolo Caccianiga, Ayt Alla Bader, Paola Erba and Gianluigi Caccianiga
Inventions 2022, 7(4), 104; https://doi.org/10.3390/inventions7040104 - 15 Nov 2022
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 4103
Abstract
Objective: The aim of this research was to assess how the application of an oral irrigator modifies the subgingival bacterial flora in patients undergoing periodontal maintenance therapy. We used a qualitative microbiological analysis with a phase contrast microscope that can differentiate a non-pathogenic [...] Read more.
Objective: The aim of this research was to assess how the application of an oral irrigator modifies the subgingival bacterial flora in patients undergoing periodontal maintenance therapy. We used a qualitative microbiological analysis with a phase contrast microscope that can differentiate a non-pathogenic (immobile) bacterial flora from a pathogenic (mobile). Methods: In this study, 60 patients with a diagnosis of moderate periodontitis were enrolled. They were treated with non-surgical laser-assisted causal therapy and after one month a re-evaluation was performed that established the stabilization of the periodontal pathology. They were instructed in the home oral hygiene protocol with sonic toothbrush, interdental brushes and oral irrigator, and were included in the periodontal maintenance therapy program with a phase contrast microscope control every 6 months. At T0 phase contrast–phase microscopic examinations, the existence of non-pathogenic bacterial flora was displayed in all patients. They were then randomly divided into two groups, A and B. After professional oral hygiene treatment, group B suspended the usage of oral irrigator. Patients of group A, after the professional oral hygiene treatment, were motivated to continue their oral hygiene protocol at home. After three months, the patients underwent microscopic analysis of the bacterial plaque. Results: At T1 in Group B, 90% of patients had undergone a pathogenic bacterial flora change. In group A, in which patients kept using the oral irrigator for the three months, 100% of them showed immobile plaque on phase contrast microscopic analysis. Conclusions: This research showed that oral irrigator in the practice of home hygiene protocols plays a role in the long-term maintenance of a non-pathogenic bacterial flora in periodontal patients. Full article
(This article belongs to the Collection Feature Innovation Papers)
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16 pages, 1486 KiB  
Article
Evaluation of Oral Hygiene-Related Mobile Apps for Children in Sub-Saharan Africa
by Aida Kanoute, Florence Carrouel, Jocelyne Gare, Serigne Ndame Dieng, Amadou Dieng, Mbathio Diop, Daouda Faye, Laurie Fraticelli and Denis Bourgeois
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(19), 12565; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912565 - 1 Oct 2022
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2999
Abstract
In sub-Saharan Africa, oral health is a real epidemiological challenge. Mobile applications represent a hope for the learning of oral hygiene in children and the fight against oral diseases. This study overviews and assesses the quality of mobile applications linked to oral hygiene [...] Read more.
In sub-Saharan Africa, oral health is a real epidemiological challenge. Mobile applications represent a hope for the learning of oral hygiene in children and the fight against oral diseases. This study overviews and assesses the quality of mobile applications linked to oral hygiene for children currently featured on the iOS and Android stores in sub-Saharan Africa. Ten oral health professionals (OHP) used the French Mobile App Rating Scale (MARS-F) to rate 15 selected applications. The highest MARS-F scores for overall quality were reported for Bonne nuit Caillou (3.89 ± 0.74), Mon Raccoon (3.63 ± 0.95), and Chomper Chums (3.54 ± 0.54) while the lowest MARS-F scores for overall quality were achieved by Brushing time (2.31 ± 0.61), De belles dents (2.55 ± 0.55) and Brushing Hero (2.77 ± 0.53). The subjective quality scores ranged from 1.50 ± 0.68 for Brushing time to 3.25 ± 0.97 for Bonne nuit Caillou. Specificity scores ranged from 1.95 ± 0.88 (Brushing time) to 3.75 ± 0.84 (Bonne nuit Caillou). Thus, OHP rated positively the quality of the majority of mobile applications linked to oral hygiene for children, their effect on users’ knowledge, attitudes, and intentions to change, and the probability of effective oral hygiene behavior modification. They stated that they would recommend their use to their patients who need them. However, studies analyzing the change in oral hygiene behavior of children using these apps need to be conducted. Full article
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14 pages, 753 KiB  
Article
Oral Health Care of People with Down Syndrome in Germany
by Peter Schmidt, Laura C. Suchy and Andreas G. Schulte
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(19), 12435; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912435 - 29 Sep 2022
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3326
Abstract
Background: Due to a dearth of information on preventive and supportive oral care for people with Down Syndrome (PDS) in Germany, caregivers of PDS were surveyed on the topic. Methods: An anonymized questionnaire was sent to the 610 members of the German Down [...] Read more.
Background: Due to a dearth of information on preventive and supportive oral care for people with Down Syndrome (PDS) in Germany, caregivers of PDS were surveyed on the topic. Methods: An anonymized questionnaire was sent to the 610 members of the German Down Syndrome Association. The study was approved by the ethics committee of Witten/Herdecke University (# 165/2017). Results: The parents/caregivers of 207 PDS responded. These PDS were between 1 and 55 years old (mean age 24.4 years) and included 111 males and 96 females. At their first dental appointment, 40.7% (n = 82) had been younger than three years. Although 78.3% (n = 162) tooth brushed twice daily, only 30.9% (n = 64) brushed for 2–3 min; 84.0% (n = 135) did not use other dental hygiene products apart from toothbrushes. Age-specific differences were found: Although only 30.8% (n = 12) of PDS < 18 years (n = 39) independently performed dental self-care; this was 67.3% (n = 113) for PDS ≥ 18 years (n = 168). A statistically significant (p < 0.001; Chi-Square-Test) difference in toothbrush preferences emerged: While PDS < 18 years mainly used manual toothbrushes, PDS ≥ 18 years preferred electric toothbrushes. In contrast to 72.6% of PDS ≥ 18 years, only 51.3% of PDS < 18 years accepted most types of toothpaste. Conclusions: Age-dependent differences in tooth brushing behaviour became evident within the group of PDS in Germany. Hence, better age-specific, inter-professional dental prophylaxis concepts need to be developed and offered for all age groups of PDS. These concepts should include personalized check-up intervals and hands-on instruction in dental hygiene procedures by dental practitioners. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Promoting Oral Health for Special Needs Patients)
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