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Keywords = proecology

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20 pages, 3137 KiB  
Article
The Heat Transfer Coefficient During Pool Boiling of Refrigerants in a Compact Heat Exchanger
by Marcin Kruzel, Tadeusz Bohdal, Krzysztof Dutkowski, Krzysztof J. Wołosz and Grzegorz Robakowski
Energies 2025, 18(15), 4030; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18154030 - 29 Jul 2025
Viewed by 211
Abstract
The results of experimental data on the heat transfer coefficient during the boiling of pro-ecological refrigerants in a compact tube-shell heat exchanger are presented. The boiling process occurred in the micro-space of the exchanger shell on the surface of horizontal tubes, which were [...] Read more.
The results of experimental data on the heat transfer coefficient during the boiling of pro-ecological refrigerants in a compact tube-shell heat exchanger are presented. The boiling process occurred in the micro-space of the exchanger shell on the surface of horizontal tubes, which were heated from the inside with warm water. The flow of the refrigerant was gravity-based. The heat exchanger was practically flooded with liquid refrigerant at a saturation temperature (ts), which flowed out after evaporation in a gaseous form. The tests were conducted for four refrigerants: R1234ze, R1234yf, R134a (a high-pressure refrigerant), and HFE7100 (a low-pressure refrigerant). Thermal characteristics describing the heat transfer process throughout the entire compact heat exchanger, specifically for the boiling process itself, were developed. It was found that in the case of micro-space boiling, there is an exponential dependence of the heat transfer coefficient on the heat flux density on the heated surface. Experimental data were compared to experimental and empirical data presented in other studies. Our own empirical models were proposed to determine the heat transfer coefficient for boiling in a mini-space for individual refrigerants. The proposed calculation models were also generalized for various refrigerants by introducing the value of reduced pressure into the calculation relationship. The developed relationship enables the determination of heat transfer coefficient values during boiling in a micro-space on the surface of horizontal tubes for various refrigerants with an accuracy of ±25%. Full article
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27 pages, 1228 KiB  
Article
How Transformative Experiences Reshape Values, Worldviews, and Engagement with Sustainability: An Integral Inquiry
by Elizabeth Halliday and Jessica Bockler
Challenges 2025, 16(3), 30; https://doi.org/10.3390/challe16030030 - 1 Jul 2025
Viewed by 487
Abstract
Climate scientists, systems theorists, and policymakers increasingly suggest that global sustainability challenges stem from dysfunctional worldviews and values that drive individual and collective behaviors, undermining both human flourishing and planetary health. Recognizing that paradigmatic shifts in values and worldviews can arise from transformative [...] Read more.
Climate scientists, systems theorists, and policymakers increasingly suggest that global sustainability challenges stem from dysfunctional worldviews and values that drive individual and collective behaviors, undermining both human flourishing and planetary health. Recognizing that paradigmatic shifts in values and worldviews can arise from transformative experiences, this study employed Integral Inquiry in a mixed-methods design to examine the nature of the relationship between such experiences and engagement with sustainability. A sample of 145 adults was recruited based on self-identification of having undergone a life-changing experience and demonstrated evidence of transformative growth and integration. In the qualitative phase, 73 participants completed an open-text survey detailing their perspectives on sustainability and their related practices and behaviors. Ten individuals from this subset were interviewed to explore the depth and dimensions of their engagement with sustainability. Using Constructivist Grounded Theory analysis, three tentative themes emerged: intraconnection, personal equilibrium, and defining social change. Whilst the study was exploratory in nature, the analysis indicated that transformative experiences seemed to foster a profound felt sense of intraconnection—a deep awareness of interconnectedness with all life. This awareness appeared to naturally clarify participants’ values and beliefs, aligning their actions toward sustainability. Moreover, participants emphasized the importance of cultivating personal equilibrium—a state of inner balance and congruence in daily choices—as a foundation for meaningful social and environmental change. This study tentatively highlights the role transformative experiences can play in bringing about more pro-ecological behavior, and it underscores the need for further research into how such experiences can be more readily integrated to support global sustainability efforts. Full article
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42 pages, 6915 KiB  
Review
Review of Current Trends in Sustainable Construction
by Monika Zajemska, Dorota Wojtyto, Joanna Michalik and Szymon Berski
Energies 2025, 18(10), 2559; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18102559 - 15 May 2025
Viewed by 1103
Abstract
One of the most important trends in today’s construction is energy efficiency. Nowadays, construction is undergoing a revolution thanks to modern technologies. Technological innovations not only speed up the construction process but also improve the quality, durability, and safety of the structure, ensure [...] Read more.
One of the most important trends in today’s construction is energy efficiency. Nowadays, construction is undergoing a revolution thanks to modern technologies. Technological innovations not only speed up the construction process but also improve the quality, durability, and safety of the structure, ensure energy efficiency, as well as aesthetics and comfort of use. Modern technologies, such as photovoltaic panels and heat pumps, can produce their own electricity and heat for buildings’ own needs with minimal use of fossil fuels. This not only leads to economic benefits, but also has a positive impact on the environment. Furthermore, choosing the right materials is the key factor in sustainable construction. Concrete, steel and other traditional building materials, although durable, have a negative impact on the environment due to the high energy consumption during their production. This study employed a SWOT-TOWS analysis to determine the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats of the basic construction materials used for sustainable building. Its purpose was to compile all construction materials and evaluate them using the same technological, environmental, and socio-economic indicators. The results of the analysis allowed for the comparison of materials in terms of their usability in sustainable construction and provided the opportunity to determine strategies for their further application, thereby filling the research gap in this area. Taking into account care of the natural environment, the article presents current trends in modern sustainable construction in the world. Using SWOT analysis, the advantages and disadvantages of sustainable construction were indicated, and the economic, social, legal, environmental, and technological barriers to their development were discussed. Particular attention was paid to the use of pro-ecological technologies that reduce energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. Full article
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20 pages, 1969 KiB  
Article
Adapting the Accounting Policy of Business Entities to Environmental Challenges—A Case Study from Poland
by Beata Sadowska, Grzegorz Lew, Magdalena Wójcik-Jurkiewicz, Wojciech Drożdż and Bartosz Pilecki
Energies 2025, 18(5), 1094; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18051094 - 24 Feb 2025
Viewed by 708
Abstract
The aim of this article is to analyse the disclosure of financial and non-financial information in an ESG report on the energy sector in Poland, using the example of the Enea Group, i.e., information on the following: (1) the structure of the Enea [...] Read more.
The aim of this article is to analyse the disclosure of financial and non-financial information in an ESG report on the energy sector in Poland, using the example of the Enea Group, i.e., information on the following: (1) the structure of the Enea Group, its business model, and created values; (2) the impact of the energy sector on the natural environment; (3) environmental protection costs in correlation with the calculation of electricity prices and rates (financial and non-financial aspects); and (4) pro-ecological projects. The specific aim is to adapt the accounting policy of business entities to environmental challenges by proposing changes to the energy sector’s chart of accounts, using the example of the Enea Group, which ultimately leads to changes in the structure of the integrated report and finally in the ESG report. This study is of a theoretical and conceptual nature. As a result of the triangulation of the scientific methods used in this article, it was found that neither the accounting policy nor the company’s chart of accounts have so far presented correct records of costs related to environmental protection, which implies the development and proposal of implementing changes in this area. The research sample is limited to three years and includes a case study of the Enea Group. The presented discussion allows us to fill the research gap in the scope of information on the activities undertaken by the Enea Group for the protection of the natural environment and the costs of environmental protection incurred. The added value is the original structure of the integrated report presented by the authors and ultimately the ESG report of the energy group and adapting the accounting policy to environmental challenges. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section A: Sustainable Energy)
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19 pages, 16076 KiB  
Article
The Role of Pro-Ecological Packaging in Shaping Purchase Intentions and Brand Image in the Food Sector: An Experimental Study
by Dagna Siuda and Magdalena Grębosz-Krawczyk
Sustainability 2025, 17(4), 1744; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17041744 - 19 Feb 2025
Viewed by 2167
Abstract
The main objective of this paper is to assess the influence of claims suggesting the eco-friendly nature of products present on food product packaging, consumers’ purchase intentions, and brand image. To achieve this, an experimental study was conducted in which participants were presented [...] Read more.
The main objective of this paper is to assess the influence of claims suggesting the eco-friendly nature of products present on food product packaging, consumers’ purchase intentions, and brand image. To achieve this, an experimental study was conducted in which participants were presented with packaging prototypes to explore their purchase preferences and attitudes toward the brand. The study involved two types of food products—apple juice and a box of chocolates. Some packaging prototypes featured pro-environmental attributes, while others did not. The results confirm the positive impact of pro-environmental packaging elements on consumers’ purchase intentions and brand perception. “Eco-friendly” brands were perceived as high-quality and more appealing. In both product categories, the majority of respondents preferred brands incorporating pro-environmental elements on packaging. These findings highlight the potential benefits for brand owners of integrating sustainability-focused content into packaging, which can serve as a competitive advantage in the food market. Full article
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22 pages, 8208 KiB  
Article
Elastomeric Biocomposites of Natural Rubber Containing Biosynthesized Zinc Oxide
by Anna Sowińska-Baranowska and Magdalena Maciejewska
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(3), 1101; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26031101 - 27 Jan 2025
Viewed by 844
Abstract
Zinc oxide (ZnO) particles were successfully synthesized through the green method using aloe vera extract and zinc nitrate (1:1). The structure, morphology and properties of the biosynthesized ZnO (bioZnO) particles were analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), time of [...] Read more.
Zinc oxide (ZnO) particles were successfully synthesized through the green method using aloe vera extract and zinc nitrate (1:1). The structure, morphology and properties of the biosynthesized ZnO (bioZnO) particles were analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), time of flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS) and thermogravimetry (TG). The morphology and the size of ZnO particles were elucidated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). Then, the ability of bioZnO to activate sulfur curing of natural rubber (NR) was tested and compared to commercial ZnO traditionally used as vulcanization activator. The bioZnO showed similar activity in the vulcanization process to commercial ZnO. NR composites containing bioZnO were pro-ecological in nature and exhibited better mechanical characteristics and durability against thermo-oxidative aging than NR with commonly used micrometric ZnO. Moreover, NR vulcanizates containing bioZnO showed good mechanical properties in dynamic conditions and satisfactory thermal stability. The present research is new and in addition to the analysis of biosynthesized ZnO particles, the effect of the activator in the vulcanization process of the NR elastomer and its influence on the properties of the final products were additionally discussed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Materials Science)
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40 pages, 1509 KiB  
Article
The Behavior of European Union Companies in Terms of Increasing Energy Efficiency from the Perspective of Achieving Climate Neutrality
by Małgorzata Sztorc
Energies 2025, 18(3), 573; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18030573 - 25 Jan 2025
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 840
Abstract
This article aims to identify and verify the actions taken by European Union companies related to improving energy efficiency with the requirements of the Fit for 55 packages and striving for climate neutrality by assessing the degree of implementation of pro-ecological solutions, identifying [...] Read more.
This article aims to identify and verify the actions taken by European Union companies related to improving energy efficiency with the requirements of the Fit for 55 packages and striving for climate neutrality by assessing the degree of implementation of pro-ecological solutions, identifying key challenges, and comparing differences in the level of energy transformation in the member states. This article attempts to assess actions related to minimizing energy consumption and reducing greenhouse gas emissions by companies operating in the 27 European Union countries, based on statistical data from Eurostat databases. To analyze the obtained data, the diagnostic–descriptive method, principal component analysis, and the multi-criteria MOORA method were used. The conducted research procedure indicates differences in the level of adaptation of companies regarding the implementation of the goals resulting from the climate and energy package adopted by the European Union. Companies located in France, Sweden, and Finland demonstrate the highest level of energy transformation. On the other hand, a passive degree of adaptation in the transition from traditional fossil fuels to renewable energy sources is characterizes companies from Germany, the Netherlands, and Poland. Full article
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18 pages, 282 KiB  
Article
Local Food Production Based on Culinary Heritage—A Way to Local Sustainability
by Luiza Ossowska, Dorota Janiszewska, Grzegorz Kwiatkowski and Ove Oklevik
Sustainability 2024, 16(24), 11310; https://doi.org/10.3390/su162411310 - 23 Dec 2024
Viewed by 4893
Abstract
This research assess the role of traditional food producers’ activities in fostering local sustainability in Poland. The study was carried out at the turn of 2021 and 2022, involving a sample of 70 traditional food producers. It utilized semi-structured interviews, which included two [...] Read more.
This research assess the role of traditional food producers’ activities in fostering local sustainability in Poland. The study was carried out at the turn of 2021 and 2022, involving a sample of 70 traditional food producers. It utilized semi-structured interviews, which included two categories of questions: the characteristics of traditional food producers and the significance of their operational goals. Given the unique nature of traditional food in Poland, producers can be categorized into three groups, based on their connection to tradition: local, regional, and national. Differences among these groups were analyzed using a series of t-tests. The findings indicate that in the hierarchy of goals for traditional food producers, socio-cultural objectives take precedence, followed by business goals, while goals related to food safety, quality, and environmental responsibility rank as the least important, with significant differences noted. Producers associated with local traditions, predominantly consisting of family businesses, show the least interest in achieving food safety, quality, and environmental responsibility objectives. While traditional food producers in Poland are adopting pro-ecological practices, these are primarily driven by business considerations and market demands. Full article
10 pages, 277 KiB  
Article
Be Divergent, Be Green! The Moderating Role of Gender in the Association Between Divergent Thinking and Pro-Environmental Behaviours in Children
by Marta Sannino, Elisa Galli, Cristina Zacheo and Marco Giancola
Children 2024, 11(12), 1497; https://doi.org/10.3390/children11121497 - 8 Dec 2024
Viewed by 1046
Abstract
Background/Objectives: The environmental crisis has begun as a daily challenge for present and forthcoming generations. This scenario highlights the need to adopt many pro-environmental strategies to avoid its adverse consequences. Consequently, it is of paramount importance to comprehend the fundamental psychological and cognitive [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: The environmental crisis has begun as a daily challenge for present and forthcoming generations. This scenario highlights the need to adopt many pro-environmental strategies to avoid its adverse consequences. Consequently, it is of paramount importance to comprehend the fundamental psychological and cognitive characteristics that may encourage young children to participate in Pro-Environmental Behaviours (PEBs). Previous research has explored key psychological factors like values, norms, and beliefs influencing children’s pro-environmental behaviours (PEBs), but the impact of cognitive processes is still debated. This research explored the association between divergent thinking (DT) and PEBs, also addressing the potential involvement of gender. Methods: The study involved 348 children (Mage = 8.78 years; SDage = 1.79; range age 6–13; 174 girls) who completed a socio-demographic questionnaire, the Pro-Environmental Behaviour Questionnaire, and the Alternative Uses Task (AUT). Results: The statistical analysis indicated that gender moderates the relationship between children’s DT-creativity and PEBs (B = 0.08, SE = 0.04, t = 2.05; 95% CIs [0.0033, 0.1659]), strengthening this association. Conclusions: These findings yielded further evidence on the impact of cognitive processes, such as DT on PEBs, extending the knowledge regarding the critical role of gender in this intricate relationship. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Pediatric Mental Health)
15 pages, 738 KiB  
Article
Applying Environmental Sustainability Practices in Martial Arts Sports Clubs: A Case Study of Poznan
by Mateusz Rozmiarek
Sustainability 2024, 16(22), 9908; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16229908 - 13 Nov 2024
Viewed by 1667
Abstract
Background: Growing environmental challenges necessitate the implementation of sustainable practices across various sectors, including sports club management. The aim of this study was to investigate environmental management practices in martial arts clubs in Poznan, Poland, with a particular focus on energy and water [...] Read more.
Background: Growing environmental challenges necessitate the implementation of sustainable practices across various sectors, including sports club management. The aim of this study was to investigate environmental management practices in martial arts clubs in Poznan, Poland, with a particular focus on energy and water conservation, waste management, and the promotion of sustainable mobility. Materials and Methods: A qualitative study was conducted with a group of fourteen martial arts clubs operating in Poznan. A semi-structured interview method was employed with club owners and managers, asking about their approaches to reducing energy and water consumption, waste sorting, waste reduction, and promoting sustainable transportation. Data analysis involved thematic analysis, where the practices adopted by individual clubs were compared and qualitatively assessed based on recurring themes. Results: The results indicate significant variability in approaches among the surveyed clubs. Only one club implements comprehensive solutions for energy and water conservation and four take moderate actions, while nine do not pay much attention to these issues. Similarly, only some clubs actively engage in waste sorting and waste reduction efforts, while others do not see the need for such actions. In terms of promoting sustainable transportation, some clubs encourage the use of bicycles and public transport, but the majority do not take any action in this regard. Conclusion: The study reveals that most martial arts clubs in Poznan do not prioritize sustainable environmental management practices, citing other priorities such as athlete comfort and organizational needs. Implementing more systematic pro-ecological actions in these facilities requires greater awareness and support in terms of knowledge and financial resources. These findings provide practical insights for martial arts clubs in Poznan, suggesting that by adopting more comprehensive sustainability practices, they can improve their environmental impact while enhancing their community engagement and organizational reputation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Environmental Sustainability and Applications)
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5 pages, 4589 KiB  
Abstract
Pro-Ecological Use of Waste Energy from the Cooling System of an Industrial Furnace
by Wojciech Bialik, Stanisław Gil and Sławomir Kozłowski
Proceedings 2024, 108(1), 22; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2024108022 - 17 Oct 2024
Viewed by 825
Abstract
The increase in energy prices is causing a renewed interest in methods of using existing energy sources [...] Full article
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16 pages, 323 KiB  
Article
Pro-Ecological Consumer Behavior versus Energy Reduction and Sustainable Consumption: A Case from Poland
by Barbara Wyrzykowska, Artur Czech, Anna Dąbrowska and Anna Rytko
Sustainability 2024, 16(17), 7556; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16177556 - 31 Aug 2024
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1678
Abstract
The concepts of sustainable consumption and production increased in popularity after the World Summit on Sustainable Development in Johannesburg in 2002. Moreover, the focus of attention was turned to the consumer and their key importance in achieving the goals of more sustainable practices. [...] Read more.
The concepts of sustainable consumption and production increased in popularity after the World Summit on Sustainable Development in Johannesburg in 2002. Moreover, the focus of attention was turned to the consumer and their key importance in achieving the goals of more sustainable practices. Hence, the main aim of this article is to present the influence of factors related to pro-ecological consumer behaviors on sustainable consumption including energy-use reduction. Epsilon regression was implemented as the research method. This statistical tool enabled the authors to carry out research on such complex phenomena and make the analysis immune to the high correlation among explanatory variables. Moreover, it allowed the authors to consider interactions in the set of diagnostic variables. The research presented in this paper is based on data drawn from the Barometer of Consumer Social Responsibility in Poland for 2022. As the final result of this research, a ranking of pro-ecological consumer behavior factors was constructed. On the one hand, not buying products using excessive packaging can be considered the most important factor of Polish pro-ecological consumer behaviors. On the other hand, trying to choose more ecological products with comparable prices can be regarded as the factor which has the smallest impact. Furthermore, the presented method also allowed for determining the contribution of individual factors to the pro-ecological behavior of consumers. Full article
14 pages, 274 KiB  
Article
Post-Pandemic Shifts in Pro-Environmental Attitudes and Behaviors in a Marine Protected Area
by Mar Vila and Gerard Costa
Sustainability 2024, 16(17), 7410; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16177410 - 28 Aug 2024
Viewed by 1250
Abstract
Interest in understanding environmental attitudes and behaviors after traumatic events has been widely studied, but research specific to the COVID-19 pandemic has yielded inconclusive results. This study addresses a gap by exploring the relationship between COVID-19 and pro-environmental behavior (PEB) in marine protected [...] Read more.
Interest in understanding environmental attitudes and behaviors after traumatic events has been widely studied, but research specific to the COVID-19 pandemic has yielded inconclusive results. This study addresses a gap by exploring the relationship between COVID-19 and pro-environmental behavior (PEB) in marine protected areas (MPAs), which are vital for preserving marine ecosystems and biodiversity. We focus on scuba divers’ environmental attitudes and behaviors within an MPA, using a mixed methodology that combines surveys based on the New Ecological Paradigm (NEP) scale with covert participant observation. Our findings indicate a moderate increase in pro-environmental concerns post-pandemic, particularly regarding nature’s fragility. However, a gap remains between expressed attitudes and actual behaviors, with notable differences in pro-ecological behavior during leisure activities compared to behavior at home. Additionally, risk perception related to COVID-19 has gained prominence, often overshadowing environmental concerns. This study contributes to a better understanding of environmental attitudes and behaviors in the context of MPAs during the ongoing social changes post-COVID-19. These insights can guide more sustainable management of MPAs and inform future research, which should further explore these trends in similar contexts. Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Aquatic Environment Research for Sustainable Development)
36 pages, 3292 KiB  
Article
Energy and Carbon Savings in European Households Resulting from Behavioral Changes
by Barbara Widera
Energies 2024, 17(16), 3888; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17163888 - 7 Aug 2024
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2281
Abstract
The study evaluates the impact of behavioral changes resulting from climate awareness on energy consumption and carbon emissions in European households based on the results of a two-stage survey addressed to individuals manifesting pro-ecological attitudes. In the first stage, the author analyzed 67 [...] Read more.
The study evaluates the impact of behavioral changes resulting from climate awareness on energy consumption and carbon emissions in European households based on the results of a two-stage survey addressed to individuals manifesting pro-ecological attitudes. In the first stage, the author analyzed 67 pro-environmental behaviors declared by the participants, identified a set of new sustainable choices, and compared them to the conservation habits used in Rasch and Campbell’s models. The 10 most popular initiatives undertaken by over 50% of participants were selected for further analysis. The influence of these initiatives on energy consumption and CO2 emissions was assessed. A total of 24 impact indicators were identified at the building scale. Energy and carbon savings were calculated for 500 participants from 28 European countries and compared to the results computed for the 100 households used as a reference. The main conclusions from the research concern the significance of individual decisions at the building scale in the context of their actual environmental impact calculated for a larger scale. The comparative analysis showed that the highest annual energy (2292.1 MWh) and emission (267.02 tons of CO2) savings resulted from the car-to-bicycle (or walking) transition on short-distance trips (declared by 79%) and from the transition from non-renewable to renewable energy sources (PV panels installed by 65% of respondents). Annual energy and emission savings reached, respectively, 1300 MWh and 262.6 tons of CO2. The research findings help explain the critical importance of transforming the built environment towards renewable energy sources and supporting pedestrian and sustainable transportation. Full article
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13 pages, 252 KiB  
Article
Environmentally and Socially Responsible Behavior of Women from Generation Z in the Context of Tourist Activity
by Agata Balińska, Ewa Jaska and Agnieszka Werenowska
Sustainability 2024, 16(13), 5603; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16135603 - 29 Jun 2024
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2380
Abstract
The aim of this research was to determine the scope of environmentally and socially responsible behavior related to tourist trips of women from Generation Z. The choice of this issue falls within the scientific discussion on the sustainable behavior of young consumers and [...] Read more.
The aim of this research was to determine the scope of environmentally and socially responsible behavior related to tourist trips of women from Generation Z. The choice of this issue falls within the scientific discussion on the sustainable behavior of young consumers and the area of research on sustainable tourism. The presented research fills the research gap related to the sustainable behavior of young women in the context of tourist trips. This article reviews the literature justifying the choice of this research topic. The results of our own survey research were presented (a sample of 618 touristically active women from Generation Z). Quantitative and qualitative analyses of the obtained results were made. This research showed that respondents were most concerned about recreational space (not leaving garbage in the forest or on the beach, observing regulations in tourist regions and towns, and using only designated trails). They rated their behavior the lowest in terms of reduction in water consumption, use of ecological cosmetics while using water reservoirs, and choosing accommodation places where pro-ecological solutions are used. According to the respondents, the main reasons for the lack of responsible behavior are indifference and habits learned at home. The originality of the presented research results from its scope and concerns only women belonging to Generation Z. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Inclusive Tourism and Its Place in Sustainable Development Concepts)
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