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Keywords = premium connection system

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25 pages, 885 KiB  
Article
Income Effects and Mechanisms of Farmers’ Participation in Agricultural Industry Organizations: A Case Study of the Kiwi Fruit Industry
by Yuyang Li, Jiahui Li, Xinjie Li and Qian Lu
Agriculture 2025, 15(13), 1454; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture15131454 - 5 Jul 2025
Viewed by 371
Abstract
Eliminating all forms of poverty is a core component of the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals. At the household level, poverty and income inequality significantly threaten farmers’ sustainable development and food security. Based on a sample of 1234 kiwi farmers from the Shaanxi [...] Read more.
Eliminating all forms of poverty is a core component of the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals. At the household level, poverty and income inequality significantly threaten farmers’ sustainable development and food security. Based on a sample of 1234 kiwi farmers from the Shaanxi and Sichuan provinces in China, this paper empirically examines the impact of participation in agricultural industry organizations (AIOs) on household income and income inequality, as well as the underlying mechanisms. The results indicate the following: (1) Participation in AIOs increased farmers’ average household income by approximately 19,570 yuan while simultaneously reducing the income inequality index by an average of 4.1%. (2) Participation increases household income and mitigates income inequality through three mechanisms: promoting agricultural production, enhancing sales premiums, and improving human capital. (3) After addressing endogeneity concerns, farmers participating in leading agribusiness enterprises experienced an additional average income increase of 21,700 yuan compared to those participating in agricultural cooperatives. Therefore, it is recommended to optimize the farmer–enterprise linkage mechanisms within agricultural industry organizations, enhance technical training programs, and strengthen production–marketing integration and market connection systems, aiming to achieve both increased farmer income and improved income distribution. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Agricultural Economics, Policies and Rural Management)
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18 pages, 624 KiB  
Article
Cyber Insurance Premium Setting for Multi-Site Companies under Risk Correlation
by Loretta Mastroeni, Alessandro Mazzoccoli and Maurizio Naldi
Risks 2023, 11(10), 167; https://doi.org/10.3390/risks11100167 - 22 Sep 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2138
Abstract
Correlation in cyber risk represents an additional source of concern for utility and industrial infrastructures, where risks may be introduced by connected systems. A major means of reducing risk is to transfer it through insurance. In this paper, we consider a company which [...] Read more.
Correlation in cyber risk represents an additional source of concern for utility and industrial infrastructures, where risks may be introduced by connected systems. A major means of reducing risk is to transfer it through insurance. In this paper, we consider a company which has peripheral branches in addition to its headquarters, where risk correlation is present between all of its sites and insurance is adopted to hedge against economic losses. We employ the expected utility principle (which leads to the well-known mean variance premium formula) to derive the insurance premium under risk correlation under several risk scenarios. Under a first-order approximation, a quasi-linear relationship between the premium and the two major risk factors (the number of branches and the risk correlation coefficient) is determined. Full article
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27 pages, 1917 KiB  
Article
The Docking Mechanism of Public and Enterprise Green Behavior in China: A Scenario Game Experiment Based on Green Product Classification
by Chuang Li, Chen Li and Liping Wang
Sustainability 2023, 15(13), 10390; https://doi.org/10.3390/su151310390 - 30 Jun 2023
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1805
Abstract
In the international context of pursuing green development, a good connection between the production and consumption ends is a necessary condition for forming a diversified governance interaction system. The academic community has conducted in-depth discussions on green behavior among enterprises and the public. [...] Read more.
In the international context of pursuing green development, a good connection between the production and consumption ends is a necessary condition for forming a diversified governance interaction system. The academic community has conducted in-depth discussions on green behavior among enterprises and the public. However, few studies have focused on the docking process between the subjects. Therefore, this paper takes Chinese participants as an example to design a game experiment, considering the role of government regulation. From a dynamic, interactive perspective, it explores the motivation for green behavior between the public and enterprises, as well as the effectiveness of government subsidies. The research results indicate that: (i) The public is willing to burden a premium for the green behavior of enterprises, which has significant differences in substantive and symbolic green behavior. (ii) In green consumption scenarios, public purchasing information can be transmitted to enterprises, but the reverse path has not yet been verified. (iii) Government subsidies have a strong incentive effect on public green behavior. (iv) There are significant differences in the impact of public environmental awareness on public green behavior, but there is no significant difference in the green behavior of enterprises. The research conclusion provides theoretical support for the study of public and enterprise behavioral variables and provides a practical basis for enterprise management and government governance. This will facilitate the construction of a systematic and effective environmental governance framework, thereby promoting coordinated green development among entities. Full article
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21 pages, 11226 KiB  
Article
Measurement and Evaluation of Metal-to-Metal Seals Sealability by Ultrasonic Phased Array
by Ting Han and Jianchun Fan
Metals 2023, 13(6), 1032; https://doi.org/10.3390/met13061032 - 27 May 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 4121
Abstract
The magnitude and distribution of contact stress on the metal-to-metal seal interface of premium connection has been confirmed as a direct factor of the sealing integrity. In this study, the method of evaluating sealability by measuring contact stress on metal-to-metal seals with the [...] Read more.
The magnitude and distribution of contact stress on the metal-to-metal seal interface of premium connection has been confirmed as a direct factor of the sealing integrity. In this study, the method of evaluating sealability by measuring contact stress on metal-to-metal seals with the ultrasonic phased array is investigated. A loading system and ultrasonic phased array measurement system of cone-cone contact samples were created. The recommended detection method is focusing -deflection, and the time compensation method is suggested to extract the reflected wave peak of the sealing surface. The experiments show that the reflected wave peak declines with the rise of the axial load, with the big end showing the most noticeable reduction. The shift in the reflected wave peak also reflects the axial movement of the contact interface. The contact stress is calculated according to the reflection coefficient and compared with the simulation results. The distribution trend of contact stress is consistent. The sealing index measurement error is less than 15%, and the measurement error is decreased with the decrease of the sealing surface angle. Then, the nephogram of contact stress distribution on the sealing surface is formed to visualize the contact stress, which takes on great significance in engineering. Full article
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23 pages, 7135 KiB  
Article
Structural Optimization of a Circular Symmetric Threaded Connection System Based on the Effect of the Upper Stabbing Flank Corner Radius
by Byeongil Kim and Jong-Yun Yoon
Symmetry 2022, 14(12), 2553; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym14122553 - 2 Dec 2022
Viewed by 2305
Abstract
In order to boost shale gas drilling efficiency, oil and gas exploration and drilling distances have risen along with the number of horizontal definitions and directions. As a result, the joints of oil wells and core gas pipes are under continual stress and [...] Read more.
In order to boost shale gas drilling efficiency, oil and gas exploration and drilling distances have risen along with the number of horizontal definitions and directions. As a result, the joints of oil wells and core gas pipes are under continual stress and compression, internal and external pressures, and extreme bending stresses. This will negatively impact the drilling system’s sustainability and the performance requirements are therefore reinforced. Good thread design is crucial because premium threaded connections are typically employed in joints, and the construction of reliable premium connections to external limitations is closely related to the choice of pertinent parameters as optimal values. In this article, new premium connection systems will be created and constructed that can show good vibration and durability under such stressful conditions. The amount of von Mises stress that is received from the threaded connection depends on how each parameter is changed. In particular, the values of the “upper stabbing flank corner radius” were used to examine the von Mises stress variations in the entire structure. An optimized design for the premium connection system is proposed with the best value of upper stabbing flank corner radius according to minimized stress on the teeth of the premium connection against compressive forces. The study’s findings suggest that it is feasible to create a premium connection that can lower stress following the genuine demand of the industry. Full article
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20 pages, 2550 KiB  
Article
Solution of Ruin Probability for Continuous Time Model Based on Block Trigonometric Exponential Neural Network
by Yinghao Chen, Chun Yi, Xiaoliang Xie, Muzhou Hou and Yangjin Cheng
Symmetry 2020, 12(6), 876; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym12060876 - 26 May 2020
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 3387
Abstract
The ruin probability is used to determine the overall operating risk of an insurance company. Modeling risks through the characteristics of the historical data of an insurance business, such as premium income, dividends and reinvestments, can usually produce an integral differential equation that [...] Read more.
The ruin probability is used to determine the overall operating risk of an insurance company. Modeling risks through the characteristics of the historical data of an insurance business, such as premium income, dividends and reinvestments, can usually produce an integral differential equation that is satisfied by the ruin probability. However, the distribution function of the claim inter-arrival times is more complicated, which makes it difficult to find an analytical solution of the ruin probability. Therefore, based on the principles of artificial intelligence and machine learning, we propose a novel numerical method for solving the ruin probability equation. The initial asset u is used as the input vector and the ruin probability as the only output. A trigonometric exponential function is proposed as the projection mapping in the hidden layer, then a block trigonometric exponential neural network (BTENN) model with a symmetrical structure is established. Trial solution is set to meet the initial value condition, simultaneously, connection weights are optimized by solving a linear system using the extreme learning machine (ELM) algorithm. Three numerical experiments were carried out by Python. The results show that the BTENN model can obtain the approximate solution of the ruin probability under the classical risk model and the Erlang(2) risk model at any time point. Comparing with existing methods such as Legendre neural networks (LNN) and trigonometric neural networks (TNN), the proposed BTENN model has a higher stability and lower deviation, which proves that it is feasible and superior to use a BTENN model to estimate the ruin probability. Full article
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20 pages, 8474 KiB  
Article
Performance Analysis of a Grid-Connected Rooftop Solar Photovoltaic System
by Alper Nabi Akpolat, Erkan Dursun, Ahmet Emin Kuzucuoğlu, Yongheng Yang, Frede Blaabjerg and Ahmet Fevzi Baba
Electronics 2019, 8(8), 905; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics8080905 - 15 Aug 2019
Cited by 49 | Viewed by 9655
Abstract
Turkey is among the countries largely dependent on energy import. This dependency has increased interest in new and alternative energy sources. Installation of rooftop solar photovoltaic systems (RSPSs) in Turkey is increasing continuously regarding geographical and meteorological conditions. This paper presents an insight [...] Read more.
Turkey is among the countries largely dependent on energy import. This dependency has increased interest in new and alternative energy sources. Installation of rooftop solar photovoltaic systems (RSPSs) in Turkey is increasing continuously regarding geographical and meteorological conditions. This paper presents an insight into the potential situation for Turkey and a simulation study for the RSPS designing and calculation for the faculty building at Marmara University in Istanbul. This simulation study demonstrates that 84.75-kWp grid-connected RSPS can produce remarkable power. The system is performed in detail with the PV*SOL software (Premium 2017 R8-Test Version, Valentin Software GmbH, Berlin, Germany). Detailed financial and performance analysis of the grid-connected RSPS for faculty building with various parameters is also carried out in this study. According to the simulation results, the system supplies 13.2% of the faculty buildings’ annual electrical energy consumption. The annual savings value of faculty buildings’ electrical consumption is approximately 90,298 kWh energy which costs roughly $7296. A photovoltaic (PV) system installation for the faculty building, which has considerable potential for solar energy and sunshine duration, is indispensable for clean energy requirements and was supported by the simulation results. This paper can be considered to be a basic feasibility study prior to moving on to the implementation project. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Grid Integration of Decentralized Generation Plants)
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23 pages, 20265 KiB  
Article
Urban Structure, Subway Systemand Housing Price: Evidence from Beijing and Hangzhou, China
by Xiaoqi Zhang, Yanqiao Zheng, Lei Sun and Qiwen Dai
Sustainability 2019, 11(3), 669; https://doi.org/10.3390/su11030669 - 28 Jan 2019
Cited by 18 | Viewed by 5596
Abstract
Using housing market data of Beijing and Hangzhou, China, we conduct a case study to detect how the difference of urban structure can affect the relationship between the subway system and housing prices. To quantify the characteristics of urban structure, we propose a [...] Read more.
Using housing market data of Beijing and Hangzhou, China, we conduct a case study to detect how the difference of urban structure can affect the relationship between the subway system and housing prices. To quantify the characteristics of urban structure, we propose a constrained clustering method, which can not only reveal the spatial heterogeneity of the housing market, but also provides a link between heterogeneity and the underlying urban structure. Applying constrained clustering to Beijing and Hangzhou, we find that the relationship between accessibility to metro stations and housing prices is weak and vulnerable, while the improvement of commuting efficiency, measured by a key variable, the metro index, does have a robust connection to metro premium on housing units. In particular, only a large metro index can be associated with a positive metro premium. Structural features, such as the size of urban core and the existence of multiple sub-centers, influence the metro premium by affecting the value and spatial distribution of the metro index. The evidence from Beijing and Hangzhou supports that in a mono-centric city, the size of the urban core is positively associated with the metro index and the metro premium, while in a poly-centric city with a small urban core, the metro index tends to be lower in the core region and higher in the satellite regions, which enforces the metro premium to be negative in the core while positive outside of the core. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Urban and Rural Development)
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17 pages, 2125 KiB  
Article
Understanding Sustainable Forest Management Certification in Slovakia: Forest Owners’ Perception of Expectations, Benefits and Problems
by Hubert Paluš, Ján Parobek, Rastislav Šulek, Ján Lichý and Jaroslav Šálka
Sustainability 2018, 10(7), 2470; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10072470 - 14 Jul 2018
Cited by 44 | Viewed by 6699
Abstract
Forest certification as a voluntary verification tool has been providing an independent assessment of sustainable forestry practices and thus confidence in sustainability benchmarks for over 20 years. Using either the international or national approaches and initiatives, two main forest certification systems, PEFC (Programme [...] Read more.
Forest certification as a voluntary verification tool has been providing an independent assessment of sustainable forestry practices and thus confidence in sustainability benchmarks for over 20 years. Using either the international or national approaches and initiatives, two main forest certification systems, PEFC (Programme for the Endorsement of Forest Certification) and FSC (Forest Stewardship Council), have spread in a number of countries worldwide. The specifics of local conditions in the forestry sector have to be taken into account when implementing the certification context in a given country or a region. Apart from the natural conditions, institutional structure, or legislative framework, it is also the local and national stakeholders and their perception of this issue that provides the background for the implementation of the certification criteria. The main objective of this study is to examine the general understanding of the certification concept as an environmental, economic, and social tool, and to determine the incentives of forest owners in Slovakia for sustainable forest management (SFM) certification. In addition, the benefits and problems arising from participation in certification were identified and differences reflecting the ownership structure of forests, size of forest area, and participation in a particular certification programme were analysed. Results indicate that certified forest owners, unlike non-certified, demonstrated a high level of understanding of the SFM certification concept. Certified entities mainly consider forest certification as their commitment to environmental responsibility and a tool for improving external company image, promoting sustainable utilisation of forest resources, and improving forest management practices. The main benefits are linked to the possibility to demonstrate forest management practices, a better understanding of the forest management concept, and improvement of forest management practices. PEFC users perceive more benefits following from certification; the most important are those associated with non-economic values, while FSC-certified forest owners perceive mainly economic benefits connected to market penetration, increased sales volume, and potential price premiums. The key problems associated with certification relate to duties to ensure compliance with certification criteria by contractors and administrative difficulties. Respondents reported minimum price premiums for the sale of their certified timber. Additionally, the findings of the study pointed out that a nationally developed certification system can better recognise the roles and objectives of forest certification in the context of forest policy. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Forest Management)
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19 pages, 338 KiB  
Article
On Long-Term Transmission Rights in the Nordic Electricity Markets
by Petr Spodniak, Mikael Collan and Mari Makkonen
Energies 2017, 10(3), 295; https://doi.org/10.3390/en10030295 - 2 Mar 2017
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 5921
Abstract
In vein with the new energy market rules drafted in the EU this paper presents and discusses two contract types for hedging the risks connected to long-term transmission rights, the financial transmission right (FTR) and the electricity price area differentials (EPAD) that are [...] Read more.
In vein with the new energy market rules drafted in the EU this paper presents and discusses two contract types for hedging the risks connected to long-term transmission rights, the financial transmission right (FTR) and the electricity price area differentials (EPAD) that are used in the Nordic electricity markets. The possibility to replicate the FTR contracts with a combination of EPAD contracts is presented and discussed. Based on historical evidence and empirical analysis of ten Nordic interconnectors and twenty bidding areas, we investigate the pricing accuracy of the replicated FTR contracts by quantifying ex-post forward risk premia. The results show that the majority of the studied FTR contain a negative risk premium, especially the monthly and the quarterly contracts. Reverse flow (unnatural) pricing was identified for two interconnectors. From a theoretical policy point of view the results imply that it may be possible to continue with the EPAD-based system by using EPAD Combos in the Nordic countries, even if FTR contracts would prevail elsewhere in the EU. In practice the pricing of bi-directional EPAD contracts is more complex and may not always be very efficient. The efficiency of the EPAD market structure should be discussed from various points of view before accepting their status quo as a replacement for FTRs in the Nordic electricity markets. Full article
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