Search Results (87)

Background: Undercover police work is a psychologically high-risk profession that exposes officers to chronic stress, identity conflicts, and moral dilemmas. The aim of the present review is to evaluate the psychological consequences associated with undercover police work, focusing on specific psychopathological risk factors. Methods: A systematic search was conducted in PubMed, PsycINFO, Web of Science, and Scopus databases. Studies were conducted in the United States, the United Kingdom, New Zealand, and Canada. The present systematic review analyzed data from 380 current undercover operatives, 372 former UCOs, 578 officers without undercover experience, and 60 pre-operational agents. Results: From an initial pool of 365 records, 10 studies were identified, of which 6 met the inclusion criteria. The most frequently reported psychological risk factors included anxiety, hypervigilance, identity issues, dissociative symptoms, and substance misuse. These were assessed using validated self-report instruments (e.g., SCL-90), structured interviews, and clinical evaluations. Long-term consequences were more prominent post-deployment, particularly among former UCOs. Conclusions: Undercover work is associated with an elevated risk of mental health problems, especially after the end of operations. Future research should focus on standardizing assessment tools and identifying protective factors. The findings support the development of targeted interventions such as pre-deployment psychological screening, ongoing monitoring, and structured reintegration programs to safeguard UCOs’ well-being. Full article

Police officers work in high-stress environments that demand emotional resilience, interpersonal skills, and effective communication. Occupational stress can negatively impact their motivation, conflict resolution abilities, and professional effectiveness. Loving-Kindness Meditation (LKM), a mindfulness-based intervention focused on cultivating compassion and empathy, has shown promise in enhancing prosocial attitudes and emotional regulation. With the rise of short video platforms, digital interventions like video-guided LKM may offer accessible mental health support for law enforcement. This study examines the effects of short video app-guided LKM on police officers’ mindfulness, public service motivation (PSM), conflict resolution skills (CRSs), and communication skills (CSSs). It aims to determine whether LKM can enhance these psychological and professional competencies. A randomized controlled trial (RCT) was conducted with 110 active-duty police officers from a metropolitan police department in China, with 92 completing the study. Participants were randomly assigned to either the LKM group (n = 46) or the waitlist control group (n = 46). The intervention consisted of a 6-week short video app-guided LKM program with daily 10 min meditation sessions. Pre- and post-intervention assessments were conducted using several validated scales: the Mindfulness Attention Awareness Scale (MAAS), the Public Service Motivation Scale (PSM), the Conflict Resolution Styles Inventory (CRSI), and the Communication Competence Scale (CCS). A 2 (Group: LKM vs. Control) × 2 (Time: Pre vs. Post) mixed-design MANOVA was conducted to analyze the effects. Statistical analyses revealed significant group-by-time interaction effects for PSM (F(4,177) = 21.793, p < 0.001, η² = 0.108), CRS (F(4,177) = 20.920, p < 0.001, η² = 0.104), and CSS (F(4,177) = 49.095, p < 0.001, η² = 0.214), indicating improvements in these areas for LKM participants. However, no significant improvement was observed for mindfulness (F(4,177) = 2.850, p = 0.930, η² = 0.016). Short video app-guided LKM improves public service motivation, conflict resolution skills, and communication skills among police officers but does not significantly enhance mindfulness. These findings suggest that brief, digitally delivered compassion-focused programs can be seamlessly incorporated into routine in-service training to strengthen officers’ prosocial motivation, de-escalation competence, and public-facing communication, thereby fostering more constructive police–community interactions. Full article

Background/Objectives: The COVID-19 pandemic affected frontline workers’ mental health, including healthcare workers, firefighters, and police officers, increasing the need for effective interventions. This study focuses on the pandemic’s psychological impact, perceived stress, depression/anxiety symptoms, and resilience, examining if a brief virtual reality (VR)–based relaxation session could reduce psychological symptoms. Methods: In this preliminary study with data collected in 2025 from frontline workers who had served during the acute phase of the COVID-19 pandemic, 54 frontline workers completed a baseline assessment of the perceived psychological impact of COVID-19 pandemic, general perceived well-being, perceived stress (PSS-4), anxiety/depression (PHQ-4) and resilience (RS-25). Each participant then engaged in a 10-min immersive VR relaxation session featuring a calming 360° nature environment with audio guidance, after which questionnaires were re-administered. Paired samples t-tests and repeated-measures ANOVA evaluated pre-/post-session differences, and a hierarchical multiple linear regression model tested predictors of the change in stress. Results: Pre-session results showed moderate perceived stress and resilience and low depression/anxiety. Occupation groups varied in baseline stress, mostly reporting negative pandemic psychological effects. After VR, significantly perceived well-being increased, and stress decreased, whereas depression/anxiety changes were nonsignificant. Repeated-measures ANOVA revealed a main effect of time on stress (p = 0.003) without occupation-by-time interaction (p = 0.246), indicating all occupational groups benefited similarly from the VR session. Hierarchical regression indicated baseline depression and higher perceived pandemic-related harm independently predicted greater stress reduction, whereas resilience and baseline anxiety showed no statistically significant results. Conclusions: A single VR relaxation session lowered perceived stress among frontline workers, particularly those reporting higher baseline depression or pandemic-related burden. Limitations include the absence of a control group. Results support VR-based interventions as feasible, rapidly deployable tools for high-stress settings. Future research should assess longer-term outcomes, compare VR to alternative interventions, and consider multi-session protocols. Full article

Background: Law enforcement is a high-stress profession, with officers frequently exposed to traumatic events, leading to mental health challenges such as communication anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), anger management difficulties, and mood disorders. Mindfulness meditation (MM), particularly when guided through short video applications, has shown promise in addressing these issues by enhancing emotional regulation and resilience. Objective: This study explores the effects of an 8-week MM intervention, delivered via short video apps, on communication anxiety, PTSD, anger management, and mood disorders in police officers. Methods: A randomized controlled trial (RCT) was conducted with 110 full-time police officers aged 25–55 in China. The final 92 eligible participants were divided into two groups: the MM group (n = 46) and the control group (n = 46). The intervention consisted of daily 10–15 min video-guided MM sessions. Pre- and post-intervention measures included validated questionnaires assessing communication anxiety (PRCA-24), PTSD (PCL-5), anger management (STAXI-2), and mood disorders (DASS-21). Data analysis was performed using MANOVA. Results: The intervention group showed significant improvements in communication anxiety (F = 8.505, p = 0.004), PTSD (F = 25.831, p < 0.001), anger management (F = 4.968, p = 0.027), and mood disorders (F = 13.058, p < 0.001) compared to the control group. These improvements were supported by significant interaction effects between group and time, indicating that the MM intervention had a positive impact on these mental health variables. Conclusions: Video-guided MM delivered via short video apps significantly reduced communication anxiety, PTSD symptoms, and mood disorders, and improved anger management among police officers. These findings highlight the potential of digital MM interventions as a scalable and accessible tool for enhancing mental well-being and resilience in law enforcement personnel. Full article

Forcibly displaced people in Scotland face multiple barriers in accessing health, social care, and policing services. This paper explores how social connections shape engagement with these services, particularly the role of police in community safety and wellbeing. Drawing on qualitative interviews and social connections mapping workshops, this study examines how third-sector organisations act as key intermediaries, shaping how people access statutory services. The findings show that while community policing and partnerships with trusted organisations can improve accessibility, concerns about racial discrimination, the underreporting of hate crime, and the lack of language support continue to undermine confidence in policing. Additionally, the growing reliance on police officers to respond to mental health crises reflects wider gaps in specialist service provision. This paper argues for a shift towards a cross-sector approach that strengthens community-led safety strategies, reduces police involvement in non-criminal matters, and improves language and cultural competency within public services. Strengthening institutional accessibility and trust-building initiatives is key to improving engagement with policing and health and social care services for forcibly displaced communities. Full article

This study examines the pervasive and multifaceted nature of racism, police violence, and law enforcement mistrust among immigrant and refugee communities in the Twin Cities, with a focus on the Latinx, Somali, and Karen populations in the Minneapolis/St. Paul metro area following the murder of George Floyd by Minneapolis police officer Derek Chauvin. In-depth interviews were conducted with 32 participants to understand their lived experiences. There were three key findings about the immigrant population’s perceptions and experiences, including experiences of racism, feelings of insecurity, and mistrust toward police. Participants from all three ethnic groups reported experiences of racism and expressed concerns about their safety explicitly related to their race. The findings reveal both shared experiences and unique challenges across the Latinx, Somali, and Karen communities, highlighting the intersection of race, immigration status, and systemic racism in shaping their perceptions of safety and law enforcement. While all three groups expressed fear, mistrust, and a desire for systemic change following the murder of George Floyd, the nuances of their experiences reflect the distinct ways in which racism and police violence manifest in their lives. These findings underscore the urgent need for addressing systemic racism and implementing measures to ensure the safety and well-being of immigrant communities. Full article

People who suffer from body integrity dysphoria (BID) feel a strong need to be disabled. The most common desire is for amputation or paralysis. Objectives: This study aims to gather the opinion of experts on which types of disabilities are included in BID, which therapies are useful and whether those affected should be supported in obtaining a disability. Methods: A questionnaire with 62 items and a flow chart were developed and sent to experts who have published work with regard to BID. Participants: 22 experts from 11 countries, mostly with an academic title and with an average age of 48.5 years, responded. Results: As expected, amputations and paralysis were clearly attributed to BID, other disabilities (toothlessness, incontinence, diabetes) received rather uncertain or negative scores. On average, those affected were not classified as mentally or psychiatrically ill. Neurological misconnection was considered the most likely cause. Experts did not think it was helpful to inform the health system or even the police about the desire to be disabled. Almost all experts supported the surgical solution of amputation by doctors. All participants believed that BID patients are aware of the limitations imposed by the desired disability. Finally, a flow chart is presented for diagnosis and therapy. Conclusions: The experts assume that the surgical solution is currently acceptable if it has been proven that the BID-affected person does not suffer from another mental disorder, there is a high level of suffering due to BID, other therapies have not been of any use and it is clear that the quality of life will actually increase as a result of achieving the disability. Full article

Purpose—This study aimed to provide a comprehensive report of workplace violence (WPV) at a psychiatric hospital in Gambia. Design/methodology/approach—A cross-sectional study involving self-administered questionnaires and an in-depth interview was conducted with 54 staff at the hospital and six senior managers of mental health treatment in Gambia. A descriptive statistical approach was applied to determine the prevalence, and a logistic regression approach was used to identify factors associated with violence at the hospital. The data from the in-depth interviews on WPV policies in Gambia were analysed thematically. Results—In the 12 months before the research, 55.6% of the respondents had been exposed to violence; of those, 46.3%, 27.8%, and 5.6% had experienced verbal abuse, physical assault, and sexual harassment, respectively. Inadequate staff, insufficient security measures, and insufficient medications were perceived by respondents as the causes of the violence. However, the level of professionalism, the kind of services provided by staff, and shift of work were strongly connected with violence. As a result of WPV, victims had injuries, posttraumatic stress disorder signs/symptoms, and work dissatisfaction. The interviewees also expressed concern about the lack of WPV polices and the necessity of creating such polices as soon as possible. Value—According to the research, there is an elevated risk of violence among the hospital staff. As a result, the hospital’s structure needs to change, staff members should receive training on how to address aggressive patients, and a constructive WPV policy should be created. Full article

Background/Objectives: This study was to determine how self-esteem mediates the relationships between leisure satisfaction, job satisfaction, and quality of life (QoL) among Korean police officers. In addition, the purpose is to comprehensively understand the quality of life of police officers by confirming the influence of variables affecting the quality of life of police officers and the direct and indirect effects of each variable and to provide scientific basis data for the application of intervention programs to improve the quality of life. Methods: The study was conducted with police officers working in three police stations in K Metropolitan City and J Province from August 1 to 20, 2024. Data collected were analyzed using the PROCESS Macro (Model 6), which assessed the significance of indirect effects and the variations across mediation pathways. Results: When looking at factors affecting QoL, self-esteem had statistically significant direct and total effects (γ = 0.115, p = 0.001). Leisure satisfaction was found to have a statistically significant total effect (γ = 0.296, p < 0.001) due to the direct effect (γ = 0.273, p < 0.001) and indirect effect (γ = 0.023, p < 0.05) on QoL. In addition, job satisfaction was found to have a statistically significant total effect (γ = 0.450, p < 0.001) due to the direct effect (γ = 0.416, p < 0.001) and indirect effect (γ = 0.034, p < 0.05) on QoL. Conclusions: These results emphasize the necessity of developing programs aimed at increasing the QoL and mental health of police officers by exploiting these relational dynamics. In addition, the fact that self-esteem played a mediating role in the quality of life among each variable suggests that it is necessary to develop and apply programs to improve self-esteem. Full article

The Northern Triangle countries, including El Salvador, Guatemala, and Honduras, are sources of a significant number of asylum seekers in the United States today. This article examines the underlying societal dynamics in these countries and considers the typical profile of transgender immigrant women seeking asylum in the U.S. on the legal grounds of having faced gender-based violence in their countries of origin. It analyzes the relevant international conventions as well as the social determinants of the health and mental health of transgender asylum seekers. It draws from 35 cases of transgender immigrant women subjected to child sexual abuse; sexual assault, including assault by police; and forced sex work; it reviews examples from the academic and gray literature, including a precedent-setting case heard before the Inter-American Court on Human Rights. It discusses the implications for social science professionals, including the role of experts of country conditions. It provides guidance for immigrant service providers and advocates, particularly the importance of gender-affirming policies and healthcare to this population deserving of protection. Full article

(1) Background: Since the death of George Floyd, the social movement Black Lives Matter continues to dominate the American political psyche, not only advancing a public dialogue but also escalating the polarization of supported solutions for policing and systemic discrimination. (2) Methods: Using a qualitative context analysis approach, we assessed over 350 sources related to social justice literature and policy-relevant documents to identify key policy solutions supported by the American Black Lives Matter movement compared to the Blue Lives Matter movement. We applied Fearon’s bargaining range of war model to analyze the extent to which the policy recommendations of these two opposing movements may overlap. The purpose was to identify and categorize agreement alternatives across various sectors. This research presents top policy solutions, assessing their bargaining ranges. (3) Results: 32 of the 36 top policy reform alternatives at the national level have sufficient bargaining ranges. This analysis indicates the importance of supporting various sectors like mental health/psychosocial policies and programs, which can (1) serve as a focal point of agreement between contending movements, and (2) decrease racial injustice through strategic bargaining. (4) Conclusions: In a divisively political landscape, it is crucial to identify starting points for negotiation among contending actors. Identifying bargaining opportunities can help seed a dialogue that may benefit all parties involved. Full article

This study evaluates the effectiveness of a brief psychoeducation training program in reducing mental health stigma, both toward others and oneself, among public safety personnel, while also comparing the relative effectiveness of in-person and online training modalities. In total, 1686 public safety personnel in Florida received psychoeducation on the mental health impacts of public safety work. Participants completed pre- and post-training questionnaires assessing demographics, mental health knowledge, and mental health stigma toward others and themselves. Among the participants, 871 completed the training online, and 44 completed the training in-person. A paired samples t-test assessed changes in knowledge from pre- to post-test, and 2 × 2 repeated measures ANOVAs analyzed stigma-related data. Mental health knowledge increased and mental health stigma toward others decreased post-training, with no differences between training modalities. No changes in mental health self-stigma were found. Police officers reported significantly greater self-stigma than firefighters. Firefighters and dispatchers reported significantly less stigma toward others than police officers. This study found that both in-person and online psychoeducation can similarly improve mental health knowledge and reduce stigma toward others, which may help reduce barriers to seeking care. Full article

Objective: The objective was to identify validated instruments from the literature that assess the mental health of police officers. Methods: This is a systematic review of validated instruments used to assess the mental health of police officers. Searches were conducted in the MEDLINE, Web of Science, Scopus, Embase, CINAHL/EBSCO, and Virtual Health Library databases. This review follows the JBI Manual for Systematic Reviews and the PRISMA statement. The methodological quality of the articles and the risk of bias were assessed. Results: A total of 1530 studies were identified across the six databases, with 158 studies read in full by the authors after excluding duplicates and those that did not meet the inclusion criteria. The final 29 studies were analyzed for methodological quality and risk of bias using the AXIS and SFS-D tools. Conclusion: This review identified 27 self-administered validated instruments useful for assessing various mental health outcomes in police officers, with the most frequently used being the Police Stress Questionnaire. These findings may help guide security force administration, occupational health professionals, and mental health researchers in selecting and implementing psychometrically reliable instruments for screening the mental health of police officers. Full article

Background/Objectives: Firefighters, tactical police officers, and warriors often engage in periodic, intermittent, high-intensity physical work in austere environmental conditions and have a heightened risk of premature mortality. In addition, tough decision-making challenges, routine sleep deprivation, and trauma exacerbate this risk. Therefore, identifying strategies to bolster these personnel’s health and occupational performance is critical. Creatine monohydrate (CrM) supplementation may offer several benefits to firefighters and tactical athletes (e.g., police, security, and soldiers) due to its efficacy regarding physical performance, muscle, cardiovascular health, mental health, and cognitive performance. Methods: We conducted a narrative review of the literature with a focus on the benefits and application of creatine monohydrate among firefighters. Results: Recent evidence demonstrates that CrM can improve anaerobic exercise capacity and muscular fitness performance outcomes and aid in thermoregulation, decision-making, sleep, recovery from traumatic brain injuries (TBIs), and mental health. Emerging evidence also suggests that CrM may confer an antioxidant/anti-inflammatory effect, which may be particularly important for firefighters and those performing tactical occupations exposed to oxidative and physiological stress, which can elicit systemic inflammation and increase the risk of chronic diseases. Conclusions: This narrative review highlights the potential applications of CrM for related tactical occupations, with a particular focus on firefighters, and calls for further research into these populations. Full article

In this paper, we discuss qualitative findings drawn from a larger community-engaged project in a predominantly Black Midwestern city. Data collection for the project, which focused on the effects of policing on the city’s African American community, was carried out in collaboration with Black community organizations and an independent police oversight board. Using an intersectional queer politics lens, we present findings from a thematic analysis of field observations that focused on the city’s LGBTQI+ community. Major themes that emerged include the social context of Black LGBTQI+ oppression, the criminalization of the Black LGBTQI+ body, and mental health impact of policing experiences. Overall, we found that transgender and gender non-conforming experiences with police were particularly harmful. We conclude with insights into the strategies of resilience and resistance used by the community to navigate the impact police work has on their lived experience. Policy implications of our findings and the importance of queer politics to enable Black LGBTQI+ populations to access services and thrive, rather than survive are also addressed. Full article