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Search Results (6)

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Keywords = per-pedestrian crash rate

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12 pages, 2796 KiB  
Article
‘Safety in Numbers’ for Walkers: Effects of Pedestrian Volume on Per-Pedestrian Crash Rate and Severe Injury Probability
by Suji Kim, Kitae Jang and Sungjin Park
Sustainability 2023, 15(13), 10027; https://doi.org/10.3390/su151310027 - 25 Jun 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1550
Abstract
The ‘safety in numbers’ phenomenon is very intriguing to many walking advocates. Some studies have examined the phenomenon for walkers, but they mostly focused on the relationship between pedestrian volume and the likelihood of vehicle–pedestrian crash occurrences. This study evaluated the effects of [...] Read more.
The ‘safety in numbers’ phenomenon is very intriguing to many walking advocates. Some studies have examined the phenomenon for walkers, but they mostly focused on the relationship between pedestrian volume and the likelihood of vehicle–pedestrian crash occurrences. This study evaluated the effects of the ‘safety in numbers’ phenomenon not only on the risk of crash occurrences, but also on the probability of severe or fatal injuries. Pedestrian volume and crash data obtained from the six districts in Seoul Metropolitan City and Jeju Island were jointly analyzed to examine the expected pedestrian crash rate and the probability of severe or fatal injury as a function of pedestrian volume. The analysis confirmed that the expected pedestrian crash rate and the probability of severe or fatal injuries decline as pedestrian volume increases, although the absolute number of crashes and injuries increases. The increase in the number of pedestrian crashes is less than the increase in pedestrian volume. In addition, the probability of severe or fatal injuries tends to diminish with a larger pedestrian volume. These findings can be used as logical evidence to support future policies promoting walking trips, and they suggest that policy measures encouraging walking trips can deliver additional benefits beyond the well-known economic, health, and environmental benefits. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Transportation)
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17 pages, 5634 KiB  
Article
Predicting Pedestrian Crashes in Texas’ Intersections and Midblock Segments
by Natalia Zuniga-Garcia, Kenneth A. Perrine and Kara M. Kockelman
Sustainability 2022, 14(12), 7164; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14127164 - 10 Jun 2022
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2565
Abstract
This study analyzes pedestrian crash counts at more than one million intersections and midblock segments using Texas police reports over ten years. Developing large-scale micro-level analyses is challenging due to the lack of geographic information and characterization at a statewide scale. Therefore, key [...] Read more.
This study analyzes pedestrian crash counts at more than one million intersections and midblock segments using Texas police reports over ten years. Developing large-scale micro-level analyses is challenging due to the lack of geographic information and characterization at a statewide scale. Therefore, key contributions include methods for obtaining many points and related variables across a vast network while controlling for traffic control variables (signalized intersections), highway design details, traffic attributes, and land use information across multiple sources. The analytical framework includes a method to estimate the intersection and midblock segments’ geometry and characteristics, data processing of historical pedestrian crashes and mapping to the estimated geometry, and the development of predictive models. A negative binomial model for crash counts across the state of Texas and within the city of Austin suggests that signalized intersections, arterial roads, more lanes, narrower or non-existent medians, and wider lanes coincide with higher crash rates per vehicle-mile traveled (VMT) and per walk-mile traveled. The analysis suggests that daily VMT increases the likelihood of pedestrian crashes, and midblock segments are more vulnerable than intersections, where one standard deviation increase in VMT caused an increase in crashes at intersections and midblock sections of 52% and 187%, respectively. Furthermore, the number of intersection crashes in Austin is higher than in the rest of Texas, but the number of midblock crashes is lower. Analysis of the Austin area suggests that the central business district location is critical, with midblock crashes being more sensitive (240%) in this area than intersection (78%) crashes. Moreover, a significant inequity was found in the area: an increase of USD 41,000 in average household income leads to a reduction of 32% (intersections) and 39% (midblock) in pedestrian crash rates. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Vulnerable Road Users in Safe System Approach)
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13 pages, 919 KiB  
Article
Fatal and Serious Injury Rates for Different Travel Modes in Victoria, Australia
by Mohammad Nabil Ibrahim, David B. Logan, Sjaan Koppel and Brian Fildes
Sustainability 2022, 14(3), 1924; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14031924 - 8 Feb 2022
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3535
Abstract
While absolute injury numbers are widely used as a road safety indicator, they do not fully account for the likelihood of an injury given a certain level of exposure. Adjusting crash and injury rates for travel exposure can measure the magnitude of travel [...] Read more.
While absolute injury numbers are widely used as a road safety indicator, they do not fully account for the likelihood of an injury given a certain level of exposure. Adjusting crash and injury rates for travel exposure can measure the magnitude of travel activity leading to crash outcomes and provide a more comprehensive indicator of safety. Fatal and serious injury (FSI) numbers were adjusted by three measures of travel exposure to estimate crash and injury rates across nine travel modes in the Australian state of Victoria. While car drivers accounted for the highest number of injuries across the three modes, their likelihood of being killed or seriously injured was substantially lower than that of motorcyclists across all exposure measures. Cyclists accounted for fewer injuries than car passengers and pedestrians but had a higher risk per exposure. The results varied by both injury severity and exposure measure. The results of this study will assist with high level transport planning by allowing for the investigation of the changes in travel-related FSI resulting from proposed travel mode shifts driven by safety, environmental reasons or other reasons as part of the holistic goal of transforming the transport system to full compliance with Safe System principles. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Current and Future Issues in Transportation Safety and Sustainability)
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23 pages, 2895 KiB  
Article
The Dilemma of Road Safety in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia: Consequences and Prevention Strategies
by Arshad Jamal, Muhammad Tauhidur Rahman, Hassan M. Al-Ahmadi and Umer Mansoor
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17(1), 157; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17010157 - 24 Dec 2019
Cited by 66 | Viewed by 11659
Abstract
Road traffic crashes (RTCs) are one of the most critical public health problems worldwide. The WHO Global Status Report on Road Safety suggests that the annual fatality rate (per 100,000 people) due to RTCs in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) has increased [...] Read more.
Road traffic crashes (RTCs) are one of the most critical public health problems worldwide. The WHO Global Status Report on Road Safety suggests that the annual fatality rate (per 100,000 people) due to RTCs in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) has increased from 17.4 to 27.4 over the last decade, which is an alarming situation. This paper presents an overview of RTCs in the Eastern Province, KSA, from 2009 to 2016. Key descriptive statistics for spatial and temporal distribution of crashes are presented. Statistics from the present study suggest that the year 2012 witnessed the highest number of crashes, and that the region Al-Ahsa had a significantly higher proportion of total crashes. It was concluded that the fatality rate for the province was 25.6, and the mean accident to injury ratio was 8:4. These numbers are substantially higher compared to developed countries and the neighboring Gulf states. Spatial distribution of crashes indicated that a large proportion of severe crashes occurred outside the city centers along urban highways. Logistic regression models were developed to predict crash severity. Model estimation analysis revealed that crash severity can be attributed to several significant factors including driver attributes (such as sleep, distraction, overspeeding), crash characteristics (such as sudden deviation from the lane, or collisions with other moving vehicles, road fences, pedestrians, or motorcyclists), and rainy weather conditions. After critical analysis of existing safety and infrastructure situations, various suitable crash prevention and mitigation strategies, for example, traffic enforcement, traffic calming measures, safety education programs, and coordination of key stakeholders, have been proposed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Traffic Accident Control and Prevention)
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9 pages, 290 KiB  
Article
Are Bus Company Regulations Associated with Crash Risk? Findings from a Retrospective Survey in Four Chinese Cities
by Xiaolin Wu, Huimin Zhang, Wangxin Xiao, Peishan Ning, David C. Schwebel and Guoqing Hu
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16(8), 1342; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16081342 - 14 Apr 2019
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 3590
Abstract
Bus crashes are common in urban China, and bus company regulations are hypothesized to be related to bus crash risk. We conducted a retrospective survey to examine the association in four large Chinese cities (Changsha, Shenzhen, Fuzhou, and Wuhan). Four types of bus [...] Read more.
Bus crashes are common in urban China, and bus company regulations are hypothesized to be related to bus crash risk. We conducted a retrospective survey to examine the association in four large Chinese cities (Changsha, Shenzhen, Fuzhou, and Wuhan). Four types of bus crashes were considered: (a) passengers injured while riding the bus; (b) bus colliding with or scraping other motor vehicles; (c) bus colliding with non-motorized vehicles or pedestrians; and (d) bus damaging public facilities. Based on regulations governing the drivers’ work, complete round trips per day, and their paid salary, three categories of companies were studied: type A: ≥14 h worked/day, ≥6 round trips/day, and >70% of salary based on performance; type B: 8–13 h/day, 4 or 5 round trips/day, and 36–70% of salary; and type C: <36% of salary and no other specified requirements. Of the 926 respondents, 20.7% reported one or more crashes or related risk events in the past month. Drivers from the three types of companies reported crash incidence rates of 31.9%, 8.8%, and 6.0%, respectively, in the past month. Type A crash rates were significantly higher than type C after controlling for relevant covariates (adjusted odds ratio (OR) = 7.1, 95% confidence interval (CI): 3.74–13.47). We conclude that more stringent bus company regulations, which mandate drivers to work long hours and obtain salary based on job performance in meeting demanding metrics, are associated with elevated bus-related crash risks. Local governments in China should regulate bus companies to ensure drivers work reasonable hours and are paid based on the quality of their work (e.g., safety). Full article
14 pages, 279 KiB  
Review
Toward an Effective Long-Term Strategy for Preventing Motor Vehicle Crashes and Injuries
by Anthony R. Mawson and E. Kenneth Walley
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2014, 11(8), 8123-8136; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph110808123 - 11 Aug 2014
Cited by 18 | Viewed by 8329
Abstract
Casualties due to motor vehicle crashes (MVCs) include some 40,000 deaths each year in the United States and one million deaths worldwide. One strategy that has been recommended for improving automobile safety is to lower speed limits and enforce them with speed cameras. [...] Read more.
Casualties due to motor vehicle crashes (MVCs) include some 40,000 deaths each year in the United States and one million deaths worldwide. One strategy that has been recommended for improving automobile safety is to lower speed limits and enforce them with speed cameras. However, motor vehicles can be hazardous even at low speeds whereas properly protected human beings can survive high-speed crashes without injury. Emphasis on changing driver behavior as the focus for road safety improvements has been largely unsuccessful; moreover, drivers today are increasingly distracted by secondary tasks such as cell phone use and texting. Indeed, the true limiting factor in vehicular safety is the capacity of human beings to sense and process information and to make rapid decisions. Given that dramatic reductions in injuries and deaths from MVCs have occurred over the past century due to improvements in safety technology, despite increases in the number of vehicles on the road and miles driven per vehicle, we propose that an effective long-term strategy for reducing MVC-related injury would be continued technological innovation in vehicle design, aimed at progressively removing the driver from routine operational decision-making. Once this is achieved, high rates of speed could be achieved on open highways, with minimal risk of crashes and injury to occupants and pedestrians. Full article
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