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25 pages, 10401 KiB  
Article
Design and Application Research of a UAV-Based Road Illuminance Measurement System
by Songhai Xu, Nianyu Zou, Qipeng He, Xiaoyang He, Kexian Li, Min Cheng and Kai Liu
Automation 2024, 5(3), 407-431; https://doi.org/10.3390/automation5030024 - 22 Aug 2024
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1822
Abstract
This paper presents a UAV-based road illumination measurement system and evaluates its performance through experiments. The system employs a HUBSAN Zino 2+ UAV, STM32F103RCT6 microcontroller, BH1750 illuminance sensor, and GPS and integrates flight, processing, measurement, cloud platform, obstacle avoidance, communication, and power supply [...] Read more.
This paper presents a UAV-based road illumination measurement system and evaluates its performance through experiments. The system employs a HUBSAN Zino 2+ UAV, STM32F103RCT6 microcontroller, BH1750 illuminance sensor, and GPS and integrates flight, processing, measurement, cloud platform, obstacle avoidance, communication, and power supply units via the OneNET cloud platform. Both hardware and software designs were implemented, using the Z-score algorithm to handle outliers in illumination data. The system showed a single-point measurement error rate of 1.14% and a MAPE of 5.08% for multi-point measurements. In experiments, the system’s horizontal and vertical illuminance RMSE were 1.92 lx and 1.75 lx, respectively. The real-time visualization interface improved operational efficiency, cutting labor costs by half and time costs by nearly four-fifths. UAV control and monitoring from the roadside ensured safety during measurements. The system’s efficiency and wide measurement range enabled extended experiments, collecting illuminance data across multiple horizontal and vertical planes. This resulted in the creation of both horizontal and innovative vertical-plane illuminance distribution maps. These findings provide valuable data for evaluating road lighting quality, enhancing road traffic safety, and improving road illumination design. Full article
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27 pages, 11812 KiB  
Review
A Flexibility Platform for Managing Outages and Ensuring the Power System’s Resilience during Extreme Weather Conditions
by Magda Zafeiropoulou, Nenad Sijakovic, Mileta Zarkovic, Vladan Ristic, Aleksandar Terzic, Dimitra Makrygiorgou, Emmanouil Zoulias, Vasiliki Vita, Theodoros I. Maris and Georgios Fotis
Processes 2023, 11(12), 3432; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr11123432 - 14 Dec 2023
Cited by 22 | Viewed by 2033
Abstract
It is challenging for the European power system to exactly predict RES output and match energy production with demand due to changes in wind and sun intensity and the unavoidable disruptions caused by severe weather conditions. Therefore, in order to address the so-called [...] Read more.
It is challenging for the European power system to exactly predict RES output and match energy production with demand due to changes in wind and sun intensity and the unavoidable disruptions caused by severe weather conditions. Therefore, in order to address the so-called “flexibility challenge” and implement the variable RES production, the European Union needs flexible solutions. In order to accommodate quicker reactions, compared to those performed today, and the adaptive exploitation of flexibility, grid operators must adjust their operational business model, as the electrical grid transitions from a fully centralized to a largely decentralized system. OneNet aspires to complete this crucial step by setting up a new generation of grid services that can fully utilize distributed generation, storage, and demand responses while also guaranteeing fair, open, and transparent conditions for the consumer. Using AI methods and a cloud-computing approach, the current work anticipates that active management of the power system for TSO–DSO coordination will be improved by the web-based client-server application F-channel. In the current work, a user’s experience with the platform for a Business Use Case (BUC) under the scenario of severe weather conditions is presented. The current work aims to increase the reliability of outage and maintenance plans for the system operators (SOs) by granting them a more accurate insight into the conditions under which the system may be forced to operate in the upcoming period and the challenges that it might face based on those conditions. In this way, the methodology applied in this case could, via AI-driven data exchange and analyses, help SOs change the maintenance and outage plans so the potential grave consequences for the system can be avoided. The SOs will have accurate forecasts of the relevant weather parameters at their disposal that will be used in order to achieve the set targets. The main results of the presented work are that it has a major contribution to the optimal allocation of the available resources, ensures the voltage and frequency stability of the system, and provides an early warning for hazardous power system regimes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Energy Systems)
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28 pages, 12371 KiB  
Article
Development and Implementation of a Flexibility Platform for Active System Management at Both Transmission and Distribution Level in Greece
by Magda Zafeiropoulou, Nenad Sijakovic, Mileta Zarkovic, Vladan Ristic, Aleksandar Terzic, Dimitra Makrygiorgou, Emmanouil Zoulias, Vasiliki Vita, Theodoros I. Maris and Georgios Fotis
Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(20), 11248; https://doi.org/10.3390/app132011248 - 13 Oct 2023
Cited by 21 | Viewed by 1972
Abstract
This work focused on prescribing, designing, implementing, and evaluating a pilot project conducted in the Greek power system that addressed balancing and congestion management issues that system operators (SOs) face within the clean energy era. The considered pilot project fully focused on the [...] Read more.
This work focused on prescribing, designing, implementing, and evaluating a pilot project conducted in the Greek power system that addressed balancing and congestion management issues that system operators (SOs) face within the clean energy era. The considered pilot project fully focused on the development of the F-channel platform, including the idea behind this application, the steps that were taken in the process, and the outcomes of the performed activities fitting into the overall picture of the OneNet project. The specified F-channel platform is a web-based, client-server application that uses artificial intelligence (AI) techniques and cloud computation engines to improve the management of the active power for the TSO-DSO coordination. The flexibility of the grid’s resources was identified, and an integrated monitoring system based on the precise forecasting of variable generation and demand was implemented. The focus areas were congestion management, frequency control, and voltage control services, for which corresponding network models were created in close cooperation with system operators. The obtained results are essential for the remaining demonstration results because they offer an incredibly accurate basis for further research into their use in congestion management and other weather-related enhanced transmission and distribution system planning and operation practices. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Energy Science and Technology)
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17 pages, 4939 KiB  
Article
Applied Research of the UAV Illumination Measurement System in Sports Stadiums
by Shengwei Jia, Nianyu Zou, Songhai Xu and Min Cheng
Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(11), 6774; https://doi.org/10.3390/app13116774 - 2 Jun 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1661
Abstract
In this paper, an illumination measurement system is proposed and experimentally demonstrated. The system consists of two parts, including the illumination acquisition module mounted on the UAV and the real-time display interface of the cloud platform with control functions. The illuminance acquisition module [...] Read more.
In this paper, an illumination measurement system is proposed and experimentally demonstrated. The system consists of two parts, including the illumination acquisition module mounted on the UAV and the real-time display interface of the cloud platform with control functions. The illuminance acquisition module consists of a light sensor, a distance sensor, a wireless communication module, and a power-supply component. For the other part, the OneNET cloud platform developed by China Mobile is chosen as the display interface for the system’s real-time data. In addition, the local-outlier factor (LOF) algorithm is used for outlier rejection to further improve the stability and accuracy of the system. The illuminance acquisition system designed and implemented was then applied to the illuminance measurement experiments in the stadium. In experiments, the illuminance data acquired by the system was used to investigate the illuminance distribution at different height levels in the stadium. It was learned that the root mean square error (RMSE) of the data acquired is calculated to be 2.45 compared to the illuminance standard values through experimentation, with an error range of −2.77% to −0.53% for dynamic measurements. Full article
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31 pages, 3582 KiB  
Article
Active System Management Approach for Flexibility Services to the Greek Transmission and Distribution System
by Nenad Sijakovic, Aleksandar Terzic, Georgios Fotis, Ioannis Mentis, Magda Zafeiropoulou, Theodoros I. Maris, Emmanouil Zoulias, Charalambos Elias, Vladan Ristic and Vasiliki Vita
Energies 2022, 15(17), 6134; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15176134 - 24 Aug 2022
Cited by 40 | Viewed by 3260
Abstract
New methods for state estimation are required due to the complexity of the topology of transmission and distribution systems, and the predictability in the management of prosumer dispatch. This paper describes a pilot project in Greece that, in accordance with OneNet’s architecture, addresses [...] Read more.
New methods for state estimation are required due to the complexity of the topology of transmission and distribution systems, and the predictability in the management of prosumer dispatch. This paper describes a pilot project in Greece that, in accordance with OneNet’s architecture, addresses the challenges of congestion and balancing management that system operators face due to the high penetration of renewable energy sources. The respective data requirements and the IT/OT environment are described, as well as the interconnections among the various modules and functionalities. Available resources of the grid’s flexibility are identified, and the implementation of an integrated monitoring system based on efficient forecasting of volatile generation and demand is addressed. Congestion management and frequency and voltage control are in the center of interest of the demonstrator where, in close collaboration with system operators, respective network models are being developed. Full article
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25 pages, 12218 KiB  
Article
Forecasting Transmission and Distribution System Flexibility Needs for Severe Weather Condition Resilience and Outage Management
by Magda Zafeiropoulou, Ioannis Mentis, Nenad Sijakovic, Aleksandar Terzic, Georgios Fotis, Theodoros I. Maris, Vasiliki Vita, Emmanouil Zoulias, Vladan Ristic and Lambros Ekonomou
Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(14), 7334; https://doi.org/10.3390/app12147334 - 21 Jul 2022
Cited by 46 | Viewed by 4598
Abstract
With the increase in the complexity of the topology of transmission and distribution systems, associated with the predictability in the management of the dispatch of prosumers, new techniques for state estimation, and application of metaheuristics are necessary. In the current work a pilot [...] Read more.
With the increase in the complexity of the topology of transmission and distribution systems, associated with the predictability in the management of the dispatch of prosumers, new techniques for state estimation, and application of metaheuristics are necessary. In the current work a pilot project in Greece that addresses the difficulties of congestion and balancing management that system operators face in the renewable energy sources era, in accordance with the OneNet’s architecture is described. Available resources of grid’s flexibility are identified, and the implementation of an integrated monitoring system based on weather conditions with an energy control and dispatch system in the Greek electricity grid is addressed. The document suggests that flexibility resources will derive through predictions that have been improved and efficient forecasts from increased spatial resolution Numerical Weather Predictions and integration of Artificial Intelligence preventing the power system of entering dangerous topological or operational states. Full article
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13 pages, 424 KiB  
Communication
Marine Network Protocols and Security Risks
by Ky Tran, Sid Keene, Erik Fretheim and Michail Tsikerdekis
J. Cybersecur. Priv. 2021, 1(2), 239-251; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcp1020013 - 14 Apr 2021
Cited by 27 | Viewed by 9484
Abstract
Marine network protocols are domain-specific network protocols that aim to incorporate particular features within the specialized marine context that devices are implemented in. Devices implemented in such vessels involve critical equipment; however, limited research exists for marine network protocol security. In this paper, [...] Read more.
Marine network protocols are domain-specific network protocols that aim to incorporate particular features within the specialized marine context that devices are implemented in. Devices implemented in such vessels involve critical equipment; however, limited research exists for marine network protocol security. In this paper, we provide an analysis of several marine network protocols used in today’s vessels and provide a classification of attack risks. Several protocols involve known security limitations, such as Automated Identification System (AIS) and National Marine Electronic Association (NMEA) 0183, while newer protocols, such as OneNet provide more security hardiness. We further identify several challenges and opportunities for future implementations of such protocols. Full article
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