Search Results (5)

The circulatory system is a closed conduit system throughout the body and consists of two parts as follows: the cardiovascular system and the lymphatic system. Hematological malignancies usually grow and multiply in the circulatory system, directly or indirectly affecting its function. These malignancies include multiple myeloma, leukemia, and lymphoma. O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) transferase (OGT) regulates the function and stability of substrate proteins through O-GlcNAc modification. Abnormally expressed OGT is strongly associated with tumorigenesis, including hematological malignancies, colorectal cancer, liver cancer, breast cancer, and prostate cancer. In cells, OGT can assemble with a variety of proteins to form complexes to exercise related biological functions, such as OGT/HCF-1, OGT/TET, NSL, and then regulate glucose metabolism, gene transcription, cell proliferation, and other biological processes, thus affecting the development of hematological malignancies. This review summarizes the complexes involved in the assembly of OGT in cells and the role of related OGT complexes in hematological malignancies. Unraveling the complex network regulated by the OGT complex will facilitate a better understanding of hematologic malignancy development and progression. Full article

Human body cells are stem cell (SC) derivatives originating from bone marrow. Their special characteristics include their capacity to support the formation and self-repair of the cells. Cancer cells multiply uncontrollably and invade healthy tissues, making stem cell transplants a viable option for cancer patients undergoing high-dose chemotherapy (HDC). When chemotherapy is used at very high doses to eradicate all cancer cells from aggressive tumors, blood-forming cells and leukocytes are either completely or partially destroyed. Autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) is necessary for patients in those circumstances. The patients who undergo autologous transplants receive their own stem cells (SCs). The transplanted stem cells first come into contact with the bone marrow and then undergo engraftment, before differentiating into blood cells. ASCT is one of the most significant and innovative strategies for treating diseases. Here we focus on the treatment of Hodgkin’s lymphoma, non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, multiple myeloma, and AL amyloidosis, using ASCT. This review provides a comprehensive picture of the effectiveness and the safety of ASCT as a therapeutic approach for these diseases, based on the currently available evidence. Full article

Leukemia is a form of blood cancer that develops when the human body’s bone marrow contains too many white blood cells. This medical condition affects adults and is considered a prevalent form of cancer in children. Treatment for leukaemia is determined by the type and the extent to which cancer has developed across the body. It is crucial to diagnose leukaemia early in order to provide adequate care and to cure patients. Researchers have been working on advanced diagnostics systems based on Machine Learning (ML) approaches to diagnose leukaemia early. In this research, we employ deep learning (DL) based convolutional neural network (CNN) and hybridized two individual blocks of CNN named CNN-1 and CNN-2 to detect acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL), acute myeloid leukaemia (AML), and multiple myeloma (MM). The proposed model detects malignant leukaemia cells using microscopic blood smear images. We construct a dataset of about 4150 images from a public directory. The main challenges were background removal, ripping out un-essential blood components of blood supplies, reduce the noise and blurriness and minimal method for image segmentation. To accomplish the pre-processing and segmentation, we transform RGB color-space into the greyscale 8-bit mode, enhancing the contrast of images using the image intensity adjustment method and adaptive histogram equalisation (AHE) method. We increase the structure and sharpness of images by multiplication of binary image with the output of enhanced images. In the next step, complement is done to get the background in black colour and nucleus of blood in white colour. Thereafter, we applied area operation and closing operation to remove background noise. Finally, we multiply the final output to source image to regenerate the images dataset in RGB colour space, and we resize dataset images to [400, 400]. After applying all methods and techniques, we have managed to get noiseless, non-blurred, sharped and segmented images of the lesion. In next step, enhanced segmented images are given as input to CNNs. Two parallel CCN models are trained, which extract deep features. The extracted features are further combined using the Canonical Correlation Analysis (CCA) fusion method to get more prominent features. We used five classification algorithms, namely, SVM, Bagging ensemble, total boosts, RUSBoost, and fine KNN, to evaluate the performance of feature extraction algorithms. Among the classification algorithms, Bagging ensemble outperformed the other algorithms by achieving the highest accuracy of 97.04%. Full article

Plasma cell dyscrasias (PCDs) are neoplastic diseases derived from plasma cells. Patients suffering from PCDs are at high risk of hypercoagulability and thrombosis. These conditions are associated with disease-related factors, patient-related factors, or the use of immunomodulatory drugs. As PCDs belong to neoplastic diseases, some other factors related to the cancer-associated hypercoagulability state in the course of PCDs are also considered. One of the weakest issues studied in PCDs is the procoagulant activity of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). NETs are web-like structures released from neutrophils in response to different stimuli. These structures are made of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and bactericidal proteins, such as histones, myeloperoxidase, neutrophil elastase, and over 300 other proteins, which are primarily stored in neutrophil granules. NETs immobilize, inactivate the pathogens, and expose them to specialized cells of immune response. Despite their pivotal role in innate immunity, they contribute to the development and exacerbation of autoimmune diseases, trigger inflammatory response, or even facilitate the formation of cancer metastases. NETs were also found to induce activity of coagulation and are considered one of the most important factors inducing thrombosis. Here, we summarize how PCDs influence the release of NETs, and hypothesize whether NETs contribute to hypercoagulability in PCDs patients. Full article

Elotuzumab is the first monoclonal antibody approved for the treatment of relapsed-refractory multiple myeloma (MM) in combination with lenalidomide, an immunodulatory drug, and dexamethasone. We report on a multiply pre-treated MM patient with disease progression due to appearance of new focal lesions on imaging modalities, who was started on a combination treatment of elotuzumab, lenalidomide, and dexamethasone. After completion of three cycles of the new therapy the patient responded very well with a major decline of serological myeloma activity parameters serum monoclonal protein, kappa light chains, free light chains (FLC) ratio. The patient was also monitored with the functional imaging modalities ¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT and diffusion weighted imaging (DWI), which exhibited a mismatch of almost complete metabolic remission on positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) with ¹⁸F-fluoro-2-deoxy-d-glucose (¹⁸F-FDG) (consistent with the serological response), and signal elevation persistence on DWI. This case demonstrates the potentially superior performance of ¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT over DWI in early response evaluation of combined treatment with a monoclonal antibody, an immunomodulatory drug, and dexamethasone in MM. Full article