Plant factories with artificial lighting (PFALs), with well-insulated and airtight structures, enable the production of large quantities of high-quality plants year-round while achieving high resource use efficiency. However, despite the controlled e...
Aquaponic facilities allow the joint production of fish and plants in a reduced space. This hydroponic technique, combined with vertical farming, is not well studied. The main objective of this work was to compare basil production between horizontal...
Photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) is crucial for plant growth, influencing photosynthesis efficiency and crop yield. The increasing adoption of controlled-environment agriculture (CEA) necessitates precise PAR monitoring. The high cost of com...
Research on young trees’ adaptation to shade has predominantly focused on leaf-level responses, overlooking critical structural and functional adaptations in branch systems. In this study, we address this gap by investigating hierarchical branc...