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Keywords = heel marks (HM)

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17 pages, 5350 KB  
Article
High-Speed Removal Process for Organic Polymers by Non-Thermal Atmospheric-Pressure Spark Discharge at Room Temperature and Its Mechanism
by Yoshihiro Sakamoto, Takayoshi Tsutsumi, Hiromasa Tanaka, Kenji Ishikawa, Hiroshi Hashizume and Masaru Hori
Coatings 2024, 14(10), 1339; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings14101339 - 18 Oct 2024
Viewed by 1521
Abstract
Heel marks (HMs) are a type of dirt stain consisting of polyester-based urethane rubber on polyvinyl chloride (PVC) floor surfaces. The rapid removal of HMs was achieved by using non-thermal atmospheric-pressure plasma technology. Mimetic HMs were prepared by coating PVC floor samples with [...] Read more.
Heel marks (HMs) are a type of dirt stain consisting of polyester-based urethane rubber on polyvinyl chloride (PVC) floor surfaces. The rapid removal of HMs was achieved by using non-thermal atmospheric-pressure plasma technology. Mimetic HMs were prepared by coating PVC floor samples with HMs to a thickness of 13.9 μm. The removal area, thickness, and volume were measured after applying spark discharges at high voltage and a repetition rate of 50 kHz. The treated surfaces were analyzed by using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and pyrolysis–gas chromatography with time-of-flight mass spectrometry (Py-GC/TOFMS). Removal rates of 20 mm2/min in area, 52 mm3/min in volume, and 7 μm/min in depth were achieved with an inter-electrode distance of 10.0 mm and an air flow rate of 20 standard liters per minute. A removal depth of 10 μm/min was achieved without air supply. The mechanism of stain removal by spark discharge was modeled by decomposing the original high-molecular-weight molecules in polyester-based urethane rubber into low-molecular-weight molecules, such as methylene diisocyanate (MDI) components. The results of this study may facilitate the development of a novel electric vacuum cleaner capable of removing floor stains. Full article
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12 pages, 4224 KB  
Article
Indoor Floor Heel Mark Removal Using Spark Discharges and Pressurized Airflow
by Yoshihiro Sakamoto, Takayoshi Tsutsumi, Hiromasa Tanaka, Kenji Ishikawa, Hiroshi Hashizume and Masaru Hori
Coatings 2022, 12(12), 1938; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings12121938 - 9 Dec 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2419
Abstract
Heel marks (HMs), which are the black stains made by shoe soles on indoor floors, can be difficult to remove. However, this study shows how spark discharges combined with pressurized airflow in 60 s discharge treatments can remove such HMs. We further show [...] Read more.
Heel marks (HMs), which are the black stains made by shoe soles on indoor floors, can be difficult to remove. However, this study shows how spark discharges combined with pressurized airflow in 60 s discharge treatments can remove such HMs. We further show that maximizing the HM removal rates depended on the electrode gap distance because of changes in the spark discharge parameters. In our experiments, the electrical voltage waveforms are shown with voltage spikes, called spark discharges, and the spike numbers were counted in 0.6-ms time units. It was found that the number of spark discharges increases when the electrode gap distance was widened from 5 mm to 10 mm and the pressurized airflow was added, and the HM removal rates increased 11.5%, the HM removal rates could be maximized. Taken together, the results show that spark discharges combined with pressurized air can remove HMs from indoor floors without no visual damage. This paper is a preliminary report showing that HMs can be removed by plasma. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plasma Surface Engineering II)
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