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Search Results (4,815)

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14 pages, 1210 KB  
Article
Twenty Years in the Octagon: An Analysis of the Strategic Evolution and Distributional Concentration of Knockouts and Submissions in Mixed Martial Arts
by Joao Paulo Nogueira da Rocha Santos, Naiara Ribeiro Almeida, Lindsei Brabec Mota Barreto, Mateus Henrique dos Santos, Kariny Realino do Rosário Ferreira, Jonathas de Oliveira Baltar, Thais Carvalho Oliveira, Alfonso López Díaz de Durana, Diego Valenzuela Pérez, Esteban Aedo-Muñoz, Bianca Miarka and Ciro José Brito
Appl. Sci. 2026, 16(4), 2034; https://doi.org/10.3390/app16042034 - 19 Feb 2026
Abstract
This study examined differences in finishing techniques and positional contexts across three temporal windows in the Ultimate Fighting Championship (2003–2004, 2013–2014, and 2023–2024), revealing differences consistent with a shift from greater diversity to a specialized and systematized model. Analysis of 906 finalized bouts [...] Read more.
This study examined differences in finishing techniques and positional contexts across three temporal windows in the Ultimate Fighting Championship (2003–2004, 2013–2014, and 2023–2024), revealing differences consistent with a shift from greater diversity to a specialized and systematized model. Analysis of 906 finalized bouts demonstrated a marked concentration of submission finishes, with rear naked choke increasing from 15.8% to 46.8% (p ≤ 0.001), while back control was the dominant positional context (45.5%, p ≤ 0.001). In striking-based finishes, punches maintained prevalence, evolving from 77.4% (2003–2004) to 86.1% (2023–2024, p ≤ 0.001), whereas kicks declined from 20.5% to 11.3% (p ≤ 0.001). Submissions increased from 37.0% to 52.0% of all finalized bouts (p ≤ 0.001). These findings indicate a growing emphasis on specific finishing techniques, with modern mixed martial arts demonstrating increased distributional concentration in the methods used to finalize bouts. The increased frequency of certain techniques (e.g., rear naked choke and punches) among finalized fights may reflect strategic preferences, training priorities, or rule-driven changes in technique effectiveness, but cannot be interpreted as evidence of inherent technical superiority without additional data on success rates or efficiency metrics. Our data suggest that contemporary fighters have developed more direct and systematized approaches to finishing fights, reflecting the evolution of training methodologies and competitive strategies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Current Approaches to Sport Performance Analysis)
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9 pages, 217 KB  
Article
The Use of Unproven Drugs for COVID-19 Treatment in People Living with HIV in Central and Eastern Europe
by Blazej Rozplochowski, Justyna D. Kowalska, Arjan Harxhi, Lukas Fleischhans, Sergii Antoniak, Deniz Gokengin, Anna Vassilenko, Kerstin Aimla, Raimonda Matulionyte, Antonios Papadopoulos, Nino Rukhadze, Botond Lakatos, Dalibor Sedlacek, Gordana Dragovic, Marta Vasylyev, David Jilich, Anatonija Verhaz, Nina Yancheva, Josip Begovac, Agata Skrzat-Klapaczynska and Cristiana Opreaadd Show full author list remove Hide full author list
Germs 2026, 16(1), 6; https://doi.org/10.3390/germs16010006 - 19 Feb 2026
Abstract
Early in 2020, the WHO recommended that existing drugs be evaluated as a repurposed resource to fight the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Here, we investigate the trends of using repurposed and off-label drugs among people living with HIV in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE). From [...] Read more.
Early in 2020, the WHO recommended that existing drugs be evaluated as a repurposed resource to fight the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Here, we investigate the trends of using repurposed and off-label drugs among people living with HIV in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE). From November 2020 to May 2021, data on the clinical outcomes of HIV-positive patients diagnosed with COVID-19 were collected on eCRFs (SurveyMonkey® platform, Inc. San Mateo, CA, USA). Factors associated with the off-label drugs available at this time (chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine, favipiravir, oseltamivir, and lopinavir/ritonavir) were identified using logistic regression models. Of the 557 HIV-positive patients assessed with COVID-19 disease, 67 (12.0%) received off-label drugs, as well as 11.6% (16/138) of hospitalized and 12.2% (51/419) of ambulatory patients (p = 0.8564). In the adjusted logistic regression model, higher odds of off-label drug use were found in patients who had their diagnoses confirmed by an RT PCR test (aOR 5.08 [95%CI 1.17–22.0], p = 0.0396), and who came from a non-EU region (aOR 6.79 [95%CI 3.51–13.1], p < 0.0001). The only factor decreasing the odds of off-label drug use was co-infection (aOR 0.31 [95%CI 0.10–0.94], p < 0.0395). In a cohort of HIV patients from the CEE, 12% were prescribed off-label drugs for COVID-19. Symptomatic patients with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection or who were from non-EU countries were more likely to receive a repurposed drug. Drug repurposing is an immediate solution to emerging pandemics. All data regarding the safety and effectiveness of such use should be monitored, reported, and publicly available. Access patterns within and outside the EU should be analyzed to prevent potential inequalities in access to care during epidemics in European settings. Full article
36 pages, 4167 KB  
Review
Ancient and Emerging Nanostructures for Innovations to Fight Head and Neck Cancer
by Nina Kummer, Ömür Acet, Burcu Önal Acet, Mike Blueggel, Aya Khamis, Désirée Gül, Shirley K. Knauer and Roland H. Stauber
Cells 2026, 15(4), 339; https://doi.org/10.3390/cells15040339 - 13 Feb 2026
Viewed by 206
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) remains a major global health challenge due to its aggressive behavior, late-stage diagnosis, and high incidence of therapy resistance. At the cellular level, these clinical limitations are driven by profound alterations in oncogenic signaling, stress adaptation, [...] Read more.
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) remains a major global health challenge due to its aggressive behavior, late-stage diagnosis, and high incidence of therapy resistance. At the cellular level, these clinical limitations are driven by profound alterations in oncogenic signaling, stress adaptation, DNA damage response pathways, and immune regulation within the tumor microenvironment. Advances in nanotechnology offer powerful opportunities to address these challenges by enabling targeted interference with cellular processes that govern tumor growth, survival, and therapy resistance. “Ancient” (i.e., established, long-studied) nanostructures, including mineral-based nanoparticles, natural biopolymers, and plant-derived nanovesicles, provide inherently biocompatible and bioactive platforms capable of modulating cellular signaling, redox balance, and immune responses. In parallel, emerging nanosystems—such as nanobodies, engineered exosomes, DNA origami, and stimuli-responsive smart nanoparticles—allow precise molecular targeting, controlled cargo release, and direct manipulation of intracellular pathways and intercellular communication. This manuscript synthesizes historical and contemporary developments in nanostructure design, highlighting how the integration of ancient materials with advanced nanotechnology can reshape therapeutic strategies for HNSCC. By targeting key cellular and microenvironmental processes, including DNA damage response signaling, redox homeostasis, immune regulation and stress-adaptive survival mechanisms, rather than drug delivery alone, these integrated nano-platforms offer promising avenues to overcome resistance mechanisms, reprogram the tumor microenvironment, and improve therapeutic precision and patient outcomes. Full article
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20 pages, 1240 KB  
Article
HSTNet:Violent Action Detection
by Fanying Meng, Lian Zou, Jian Lin and Ziao Liu
Appl. Sci. 2026, 16(4), 1825; https://doi.org/10.3390/app16041825 - 12 Feb 2026
Viewed by 92
Abstract
To enhance public safety and safeguard lives and property, the automatic detection of anomalous and violent behaviors in video has become a key task in intelligent surveillance systems. Violent actions are often abrupt, rapid, and irregular, posing considerable challenges to conventional approaches. Existing [...] Read more.
To enhance public safety and safeguard lives and property, the automatic detection of anomalous and violent behaviors in video has become a key task in intelligent surveillance systems. Violent actions are often abrupt, rapid, and irregular, posing considerable challenges to conventional approaches. Existing methods based on hand-crafted features and convolutional neural networks still exhibit limitations in spatiotemporal feature extraction, recognition accuracy, and model robustness. To address these issues, this paper proposes HSTNet, a hybrid neural architecture that integrates Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) with Transformers. The framework adopts a dual-branch design: the SNN branch models temporal dynamics in video, while the Transformer branch extracts spatial structural information. A feature interaction module is further introduced to enable deep cross-modal fusion. Experiments on multiple datasets including UCF101, HMDB51, Hockey Fight, and Movies Fight demonstrate that HSTNet achieves significantly higher accuracy than state-of-the-art baselines, indicating strong performance and promising application potential. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pattern Recognition in Video Processing)
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24 pages, 4630 KB  
Communication
Phage Display-Derived Peptides Have Neutralizing Activities Against Biofilm Formation by Candida albicans, Candidozyma auris and Candida parapsilosis
by Grigory Bolotnikov, Daniel Gruber, Jan-Christoph Walter, Kim Kühnel, Turgay Kemal, Armando Rodriguez, Nico Preising, Ludger Ständker, Carolina Firacative, Barbara Spellerberg, Steffen Stenger, Frank Rosenau and Ann-Kathrin Kissmann
Pharmaceuticals 2026, 19(2), 286; https://doi.org/10.3390/ph19020286 - 8 Feb 2026
Viewed by 304
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Infections caused by Candida albicans, Candidozyma auris, and Candida parapsilosis increasingly challenge current treatment options as resistance to currently used antifungals is continuously developing. Neutralizing antimicrobial peptides (nAMPs), which modulate pathogenic behavior rather than inducing cell death, represent a promising [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Infections caused by Candida albicans, Candidozyma auris, and Candida parapsilosis increasingly challenge current treatment options as resistance to currently used antifungals is continuously developing. Neutralizing antimicrobial peptides (nAMPs), which modulate pathogenic behavior rather than inducing cell death, represent a promising approach to fighting against fungal infections. Methods: This study established a whole-cell phage display workflow to identify novel nAMPs, and therefore three independent biopanning processes with the Ph.D.-12 phage display library against C. albicans, C. auris, and C. parapsilosis cells were conducted. Results: Phage display produced species-selective, high-affinity peptides that were non-cytotoxic to human cells and did not affect planktonic Candida viability. These peptides inhibited early biofilm formation, and several also slowed early biofilm maturation down. Conclusions: These findings demonstrate that whole-cell phage display as a powerful and adaptable discovery tool is suitable for identifying nAMPs that neutralize biofilm development without toxicity towards human cells. Beyond the peptides described here, this approach expands the methodological toolbox for antifungal research and provides a sustainable approach for generating targeted peptides. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Peptide-Based Drug Discovery: Innovations and Breakthroughs)
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18 pages, 323 KB  
Review
Reviving Old Antibiotics: New Indications and Therapeutic Perspectives—A Review
by Paweł Radkowski, Julia Oszytko, Kamil Sobolewski, Florian Trachte, Maja Czerwińska-Rogowska, Dariusz Onichimowski and Marta Majewska
Pharmaceuticals 2026, 19(2), 278; https://doi.org/10.3390/ph19020278 - 6 Feb 2026
Viewed by 421
Abstract
The rapid global spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has significantly reduced the effectiveness of many modern antibiotics, creating an urgent need for alternative therapeutic strategies. One promising approach is the revival and repurposing of older antimicrobial agents whose clinical potential was previously limited [...] Read more.
The rapid global spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has significantly reduced the effectiveness of many modern antibiotics, creating an urgent need for alternative therapeutic strategies. One promising approach is the revival and repurposing of older antimicrobial agents whose clinical potential was previously limited by toxicity concerns, pharmacokinetic challenges, or the availability of newer drugs. Recent advances in drug delivery, dosing optimization, and antimicrobial stewardship have renewed interest in these compounds as viable options for the treatment of multidrug-resistant infections. The aim of this review is to provide a comparative, clinically oriented analysis of selected “old” antibiotics, fosfomycin, colistin, streptomycin, and vancomycin, with emphasis on their current therapeutic roles, pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) targets, toxicity mitigation strategies, resistance mechanisms, and evidence supporting combination therapies and alternative routes of administration. This narrative review was conducted using a structured PubMed search and manual reference screening, focusing on clinical, PK/PD, and translational studies relevant to the contemporary use of legacy antibiotics. The review summarises current evidence on the re-emerging clinical applications of these agents, each discussed in the context of historical use, mechanism of action, resistance patterns, and newly identified indications. Attention is given to novel formulations, combination strategies, and alternative routes of administration that enhance efficacy while limiting toxicity, including applications in biofilm-associated infections. Overall, strategic repurposing of older antibiotics represents a valuable complementary approach in the fight against AMR and may extend the therapeutic lifespan of existing agents in an era of limited antibiotic innovation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Pharmacology)
24 pages, 1630 KB  
Systematic Review
Fake News Detection: It’s All in the Data!
by Soveatin Kuntur, Anna Wróblewska, Maria Ganzha, Marcin Paprzycki and Shelly Sachdeva
Appl. Sci. 2026, 16(3), 1585; https://doi.org/10.3390/app16031585 - 4 Feb 2026
Viewed by 480
Abstract
This brief survey acts as a fundamental resource for researchers beginning their exploration into fake news detection. It emphasizes the importance of dataset quality and diversity in enhancing the effectiveness of detection models, detailing key features, labeling systems, and prevalent biases. It also [...] Read more.
This brief survey acts as a fundamental resource for researchers beginning their exploration into fake news detection. It emphasizes the importance of dataset quality and diversity in enhancing the effectiveness of detection models, detailing key features, labeling systems, and prevalent biases. It also presents the challenges and limitations. By addressing ethical considerations (such as privacy and consent, societal impacts, transparency, and accountability) and best practices (annotation methodologies, real-world dynamics, reliability, and validity), we offer a thorough overview of current datasets. Additionally, our contribution includes a GitHub repository that aggregates publicly available datasets into a single, easily accessible portal, thereby supporting further research and development in the fight against fake news. Full article
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21 pages, 7295 KB  
Article
The Algal Antioxidant Carotenoid Diatoxanthin as a Modulator of Inflammation and Angiogenesis in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Cells
by Danilo Morelli, Luana Calabrone, Luisa Di Paola, Giovanna Chiorino, Paola Ostano, Douglas M. Noonan, Giovanni Corso and Adriana Albini
Antioxidants 2026, 15(2), 205; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox15020205 - 4 Feb 2026
Viewed by 386
Abstract
Algal carotenoids play a promising role in handling chronic diseases due to their diverse bioactive properties, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anticancer effects. This study assesses the activity of the antioxidant xanthophyll diatoxanthin (Dt), derived from marine diatoms, against triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cells [...] Read more.
Algal carotenoids play a promising role in handling chronic diseases due to their diverse bioactive properties, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anticancer effects. This study assesses the activity of the antioxidant xanthophyll diatoxanthin (Dt), derived from marine diatoms, against triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cells using in vitro models, gene expression evaluation, and explores its role in potentiating the cytotoxic effect of chemotherapy. Dt exhibited selective activity against MDA-MB-231 and BT-549 TNBC cells at concentrations ≥12.5 ng/mL, with maximal effects observed at 25 ng/mL while sparing human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) at these doses. When combined with doxorubicin (0.1–0.5 μM), Dt enhanced the anti-tumor efficacy in both TNBC cell lines, further reducing cell viability compared with doxorubicin alone (p < 0.05–0.001). Dt also exerted its activity in inhibiting migration and chemotaxis by approximately 30–50% compared with the controls (p < 0.01) and suppressing 3D-tumor spheroid growth at day 12 (up to >50% reduction, p < 0.001). Notably, secretome analysis revealed Dt-induced changes in inflammatory, oxidative and angiogenic mediators, highlighting its ability to modulate the TNBC microenvironment. Dt also downregulated key pro-survival, pro-angiogenic and pro-tumorigenic genes in both TNBC cell lines, supporting its role in disrupting oncogenic pathways. Angiogenesis-related genes were significantly reduced. Dt also decreased the expression of angiogenic mediators in HUVECs, supporting Dt’s role in inhibiting tumor vascularization. Results on gene expression regulation were also confirmed by RNA-Seq analysis. These findings pose Dt as a promising chemopreventing candidate in the challenging fight against TNBC, a well-known type of cancer that is aggressive and resistant to conventional therapies, targeting critical pathways for tumor survival, such as inflammation, angiogenesis, tumor cell growth, and cell migration. Given its selective activity against TNBC cells, ability to enhance chemotherapy efficacy, and modulation of the tumor microenvironment, Dt holds promise as a complementary drug for cancer prevention and interception. Future studies should focus on validating these effects in vivo and exploring Dt’s potential in combinatorial treatment strategies for cancer. Full article
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31 pages, 8257 KB  
Article
Analytical Assessment of Pre-Trained Prompt-Based Multimodal Deep Learning Models for UAV-Based Object Detection Supporting Environmental Crimes Monitoring
by Andrea Demartis, Fabio Giulio Tonolo, Francesco Barchi, Samuel Zanella and Andrea Acquaviva
Geomatics 2026, 6(1), 14; https://doi.org/10.3390/geomatics6010014 - 3 Feb 2026
Viewed by 1018
Abstract
Illegal dumping poses serious risks to ecosystems and human health, requiring effective and timely monitoring strategies. Advances in uncrewed aerial vehicles (UAVs), photogrammetry, and deep learning (DL) have created new opportunities for detecting and characterizing waste objects over large areas. Within the framework [...] Read more.
Illegal dumping poses serious risks to ecosystems and human health, requiring effective and timely monitoring strategies. Advances in uncrewed aerial vehicles (UAVs), photogrammetry, and deep learning (DL) have created new opportunities for detecting and characterizing waste objects over large areas. Within the framework of the EMERITUS Project, an EU Horizon Europe initiative supporting the fight against environmental crimes, this study evaluates the performance of pre-trained prompt-based multimodal (PBM) DL models integrated into ArcGIS Pro for object detection and segmentation. To test such models, UAV surveys were specially conducted at a semi-controlled test site in northern Italy, producing very high-resolution orthoimages and video frames populated with simulated waste objects such as tyres, barrels, and sand piles. Three PBM models (CLIPSeg, GroundingDINO, and TextSAM) were tested under varying hyperparameters and input conditions, including orthophotos at multiple resolutions and frames extracted from UAV-acquired videos. Results show that model performance is highly dependent on object type and imagery resolution. In contrast, within the limited ranges tested, hyperparameter tuning rarely produced significant improvements. The evaluation of the models was performed using low IoU to generalize across different types of detection models and to focus on the ability of detecting object. When evaluating the models with orthoimagery, CLIPSeg achieved the highest accuracy with F1 scores up to 0.88 for tyres, whereas barrels and ambiguous classes consistently underperformed. Video-derived (oblique) frames generally outperformed orthophotos, reflecting a closer match to model training perspectives. Despite the current limitations in performances highlighted by the tests, PBM models demonstrate strong potential for democratizing GeoAI (Geospatial Artificial Intelligence). These tools effectively enable non-expert users to employ zero-shot classification in UAV-based monitoring workflows targeting environmental crime. Full article
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16 pages, 2028 KB  
Review
Sustainable Strategy to Fight Hidden Hunger Using Food Waste: The Case of Aquatic Food Products
by El Hassan Ajandouz, Marc Maresca, Dimitris Sarris, Henri Nouws and Viviane Robert
Processes 2026, 14(3), 503; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr14030503 - 1 Feb 2026
Viewed by 242
Abstract
In the current context of accelerating global warming, it is urgent to speed up actions to adapt to this problem. About one third of agri-food products are lost or underused, thus contributing further and unnecessarily to greenhouse gas emissions. This is a narrative [...] Read more.
In the current context of accelerating global warming, it is urgent to speed up actions to adapt to this problem. About one third of agri-food products are lost or underused, thus contributing further and unnecessarily to greenhouse gas emissions. This is a narrative review, based on exhaustive analysis of the literature dealing with the mechanisms, incidence, and historical aspects of hidden hunger, as well as technical and operational tools to fight it. The review gives an overview of the current situation regarding micronutrient deficiencies, called hidden hunger, in five minerals (iron, calcium, zinc, iodine, and selenium), and two vitamins (A and D), as well as a picture of overall mitigation actions and outcomes. Then, it gives a picture of available solutions regarding the raw material and the tools and methodologies currently used for agri-food waste valorization, with a focus on aquatic foodstuffs. Finally, a proposal for the use of agri-food waste to fight hidden hunger, food insecurity, and beyond, is advanced. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Processes)
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23 pages, 475 KB  
Review
Stigma Among Nurses Toward Individuals with Mental Health Conditions: An Integrative Review of Qualitative and Quantitative Studies
by Ruth-Auxiliadora Díaz-Melián, Jesús-Manuel Quintero-Febles and Alfonso-Miguel García-Hernández
Nurs. Rep. 2026, 16(2), 50; https://doi.org/10.3390/nursrep16020050 - 31 Jan 2026
Viewed by 506
Abstract
Background: Individuals with mental health conditions frequently experience stigmatization and discrimination. Among the primary objectives in the fight against stigma is to examine groups that play a crucial role in addressing it, such as healthcare professionals. Although research has examined stigma among healthcare [...] Read more.
Background: Individuals with mental health conditions frequently experience stigmatization and discrimination. Among the primary objectives in the fight against stigma is to examine groups that play a crucial role in addressing it, such as healthcare professionals. Although research has examined stigma among healthcare professionals, few studies have specifically addressed how nurses perceive and contribute to the stigmatization of individuals with mental health conditions. Objective: The aim of this review was to compile and compare the scientific literature addressing nurses’ stigma toward individuals with mental health conditions. Methods: Following the methodological guidelines of the Joanna Briggs Institute and in accordance with the PRISMA 2020 guidelines, an integrative review was conducted of MEDLINE (PubMed), EMBASE, APA PsycInfo (EBSCO), and CINAHL Complete (EBSCO). Database-specific indexing terms were combined with the Boolean operators AND/OR. Studies with quantitative or qualitative methodologies, published in Spanish or English and without restrictions by year of publication, were included. Two independent reviewers selected the studies and performed the critical appraisal. Results: The search retrieved 4256 records, of which 32 articles were finally included. A content analysis of the selected studies was conducted. Most studies used validated questionnaires to assess stigma and its associations with various variables, while only a limited number employed qualitative designs. Across the 32 studies (n = 6283 nurses from 29 countries), stigma was observed across settings but tended to be lower among mental health specialists. Insufficient training and limited contact were consistently associated with higher levels of stigma, whereas specialization and positive contact were linked to lower levels. Associative stigma emerged as a recurrent theme with implications for psychiatric nursing identity. Conclusions: Nurses working in mental health settings generally demonstrate more positive attitudes toward individuals with mental health conditions compared with those in other clinical areas; however, stigma persists across all settings. Associative stigma may be influencing the development and advancement of psychiatric nursing. Specific academic training, capacity building, and specialization in mental health are essential to counteract stigma. Further qualitative research is required to achieve a deeper understanding of this phenomenon. Full article
(This article belongs to the Collection Feature Review Papers in Mental Health Nursing Section)
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12 pages, 291 KB  
Article
The Association Between HIV Testing Modality and Antiretroviral Therapy Initiation Among Men Who Have Sex with Men in Selected Provinces of South Africa
by Betty Sebati and Anthony Brown
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2026, 23(2), 185; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph23020185 - 31 Jan 2026
Viewed by 277
Abstract
Despite South Africa being the epicentre of HIV, some progress was made in the fight against HIV, i.e., the implementation of HIV programmes, provision of antiretroviral therapy (ART), etc. However, little is known about the association between HIV testing modalities and ART initiation. [...] Read more.
Despite South Africa being the epicentre of HIV, some progress was made in the fight against HIV, i.e., the implementation of HIV programmes, provision of antiretroviral therapy (ART), etc. However, little is known about the association between HIV testing modalities and ART initiation. This study aimed to determine the association between HIV testing modalities and ART initiation among men who have sex with men (MSM) in selected provinces of South Africa. Following a retrospective cohort design, this study analysed programme data on 3345 MSM aged 16 years and older who were living with HIV and eligible for ART initiation. Logistic regression assessed the association between HIV testing modalities and ART initiation, controlling for age group, location, and the COVID-19 period. All analyses were done using SPSS version 30. Significance was set at p < 0.05. Participants who tested for HIV using the social network strategy (SNS) (98.6%) or index testing (96.3%) showed the highest proportions of ART initiation. Logistic regression showed that MSM who tested for HIV using the SNS had over 12 times higher odds of initiating ART (aOR = 12.166; 95% CI: 7.617–19.430; p < 0.001), compared to those who used a rapid test. A significant association was observed between HIV testing modalities and ART initiation, with SNS and index testing demonstrating higher odds of ART initiation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Progress Toward the UNAIDS 95-95-95 Targets for HIV Care Cascade)
21 pages, 6750 KB  
Article
Machine Learning-Based Energy Consumption and Carbon Footprint Forecasting in Urban Rail Transit Systems
by Sertaç Savaş and Kamber Külahcı
Appl. Sci. 2026, 16(3), 1369; https://doi.org/10.3390/app16031369 - 29 Jan 2026
Viewed by 196
Abstract
In the fight against global climate change, the transportation sector is of critical importance because it is one of the major causes of total greenhouse gas emissions worldwide. Although urban rail transit systems offer a lower carbon footprint compared to road transportation, accurately [...] Read more.
In the fight against global climate change, the transportation sector is of critical importance because it is one of the major causes of total greenhouse gas emissions worldwide. Although urban rail transit systems offer a lower carbon footprint compared to road transportation, accurately forecasting the energy consumption of these systems is vital for sustainable urban planning, energy supply management, and the development of carbon balancing strategies. In this study, forecasting models are designed using five different machine learning (ML) algorithms, and their performances in predicting the energy consumption and carbon footprint of urban rail transit systems are comprehensively compared. For five distribution-center substations, 10 years of monthly energy consumption data and the total carbon footprint data of these substations are used. Support Vector Regression (SVR), Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost), Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM), Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS), and Nonlinear Autoregressive Neural Network (NAR-NN) models are developed to forecast these data. Model hyperparameters are optimized using a 20-iteration Random Search algorithm, and the stochastic models are run 10 times with the optimized parameters. Results reveal that the SVR model consistently exhibits the highest forecasting performance across all datasets. For carbon footprint forecasting, the SVR model yields the best results, with an R2 of 0.942 and a MAPE of 3.51%. The ensemble method XGBoost also demonstrates the second-best performance (R2=0.648). Accordingly, while deterministic traditional ML models exhibit superior performance, the neural network-based stochastic models, such as LSTM, ANFIS, and NAR-NN, show insufficient generalization capability under limited data conditions. These findings indicate that, in small- and medium-scale time-series forecasting problems, traditional machine learning methods are more effective than neural network-based methods that require large datasets. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Computing and Artificial Intelligence)
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19 pages, 998 KB  
Article
Cartography of the Use of Artificial Intelligence Against Disinformation in Europe: Trends, Stakeholders, and Emerging Challenges
by Mabel Sánchez-Torres, Francisco Javier Paniagua Rojano and Raúl Magallón Rosa
Soc. Sci. 2026, 15(2), 71; https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci15020071 - 29 Jan 2026
Viewed by 425
Abstract
The article examines the application of artificial intelligence (AI) in the fight against disinformation through a comparative analysis of different European initiatives collected by the SmartVote project. It analyzes their characteristics and contributions to identify common trends in technological development and collaboration models. [...] Read more.
The article examines the application of artificial intelligence (AI) in the fight against disinformation through a comparative analysis of different European initiatives collected by the SmartVote project. It analyzes their characteristics and contributions to identify common trends in technological development and collaboration models. The methodology combines a systematic documentary analysis of institutional and technical sources—public project records, reports, and official repositories—with a structured questionnaire addressed to the coordinators of the selected initiatives. This mixed approach made it possible to triangulate quantitative and qualitative information on the types of technology employed, areas of impact, stakeholders involved, and levels of funding. The results show a predominance of multimodal AI-based tools aimed at automated content detection and verification. Most of the projects rely on cooperation networks among universities, technology companies, media outlets, and social organizations, structured under the principle of human oversight. The main challenges include algorithmic accuracy, bias prevention, and Europe’s technological dependence. Overall, the initiatives studied are committed to transparency, interdisciplinary collaboration, and the ethical use of AI in defense of informational integrity. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Disinformation in the Age of Artificial Intelligence)
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17 pages, 4686 KB  
Case Report
Analysis of the Psychophysiological Effect of a Bull Horn Wound in a Professional Bullfighter: A Case Report
by Luis Teba-del-Pino, Luis Suárez-Arrones and Eduardo Sáez de Villarreal
Trauma Care 2026, 6(1), 2; https://doi.org/10.3390/traumacare6010002 - 28 Jan 2026
Viewed by 707
Abstract
Goring during bullfights represents a penetrating trauma with a high risk of muscular, vascular, and vital injuries. Despite its frequency and severity, limited information is available on the immediate physiological response of the bullfighter at the moment of trauma. This case report describes [...] Read more.
Goring during bullfights represents a penetrating trauma with a high risk of muscular, vascular, and vital injuries. Despite its frequency and severity, limited information is available on the immediate physiological response of the bullfighter at the moment of trauma. This case report describes the heart rate of a professional bullfighter who was gored during a bullfight, underwent surgery, and returned to fight the next bull. During the first fight, the bullfighter suffered a penetrating goring wound to the inner side of the lower third of his right thigh and a fracture of the ninth rib with intercostal rupture. Upon standing, he experienced a marked drop in heart rate and a feeling of loss of consciousness, possibly associated with vasovagal presyncope. He was transferred to the infirmary in hemodynamically stable condition. He was given local anesthesia, followed by surgical exploration, cleaning, and layered closure of the wound. After surgery, the bullfighter experienced a gradual increase in heart rate upon standing, possibly due to postural changes and postoperative sympathetic activation. He then returned to the bullring to resume activity. This case report highlights a possible vasovagal response to penetrating trauma, which may be relevant for trauma care, as a vasovagal or parasympathetic-predominant autonomic response could influence early clinical assessment. Full article
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