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33 pages, 3600 KiB  
Article
Electronic Voting Worldwide: The State of the Art
by Paolo Fantozzi, Marco Iecher, Luigi Laura, Maurizio Naldi and Valerio Rughetti
Information 2025, 16(8), 650; https://doi.org/10.3390/info16080650 - 30 Jul 2025
Viewed by 284
Abstract
Electronic voting allows people to participate more easily in their country’s electoral events. Nevertheless, its adoption is still far from widespread. In this paper, we provide a detailed survey of the state of adoption worldwide and investigate which socio-economic factors may influence such [...] Read more.
Electronic voting allows people to participate more easily in their country’s electoral events. Nevertheless, its adoption is still far from widespread. In this paper, we provide a detailed survey of the state of adoption worldwide and investigate which socio-economic factors may influence such an adoption. Its usage is wider in North and South America, while remaining considerably lower in Europe and Asia and practically absent in Africa. We distinguish between e-voting, which maintains the traditional polling station structure while adding technological components, and i-voting, which enables remote participation from any location using personal devices. Five factors (country’s surface and population, Gross Domestic Product, Internet Usage, and Democracy Index) are investigated to predict adoption, and an accuracy of over 79% is achieved through a machine learning random forest model. Larger, wealthier, and more democratic countries are typically associated with a larger adoption of internet voting. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Information in 2024–2025)
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17 pages, 442 KiB  
Article
The Social and Citizen Participation of Older People as a Factor for Social Inclusion: Determinants and Challenges According to a Technical Expert Panel
by Francisco Francés-García, Clarisa Ramos-Feijóo and Asunción Lillo-Beneyto
Societies 2025, 15(7), 185; https://doi.org/10.3390/soc15070185 - 3 Jul 2025
Viewed by 722
Abstract
The social and civic participation of older adults has proven to be an asset that positively influences the dynamics of social inclusion that affect them, and expert opinion from international organisations calls for its inclusion in the development of public policies in response [...] Read more.
The social and civic participation of older adults has proven to be an asset that positively influences the dynamics of social inclusion that affect them, and expert opinion from international organisations calls for its inclusion in the development of public policies in response to the increasing longevity worldwide. However, the characteristics of this participation have not been sufficiently analysed. The main objective of this study was to test the explanatory capacity of an operational proposal relating to the participation of older people based on a multidimensional participation structure. Four dimensions were established: two relating to social participation (associations and volunteering and public sociability) and two linked to citizen participation (political and electoral participation, as well as active citizenship and civic engagement). Based on the proposal, a technical expert panel (TEP) was asked to identify the main participation challenges faced by older people across the four dimensions identified. Consensus was sought using prioritisation matrices. The results showed, among other issues, the key role of the dimensions of citizen participation in identifying participation challenges that have an impact on social inclusion. The political and electoral participation dimension had a specific weight regarding the challenges linked to current problems and characteristics. On the other hand, the active citizenship and civic engagement dimension was oriented towards the challenges linked to desirable conditions and recommended initiatives in the future to improve the impact of older people’s participation. The expert panel’s statements coincide with the recommendations of international organisations on the need to involve older persons in policymaking from a perspective of comprehensive and person-centred care. This provides a concrete response to people’s demands and fosters bottom-up planning policies that contribute to social cohesion. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Challenges for Social Inclusion of Older Adults in Liquid Modernity)
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36 pages, 401 KiB  
Article
The Democracy-Promotion Metanarrative as a Set of Frames: Is There an Indigenous Counter-Narrative?
by Hajer Ben Hadj Salem
Religions 2025, 16(7), 850; https://doi.org/10.3390/rel16070850 - 27 Jun 2025
Viewed by 468
Abstract
The Tunisian uprisings projected an elusive surrealistic scene that was an aberration in a part of the world where Islamic ideology had been considered the only rallying force and a midwife for regime change. However, this sense of exceptionalism was short-lived, as the [...] Read more.
The Tunisian uprisings projected an elusive surrealistic scene that was an aberration in a part of the world where Islamic ideology had been considered the only rallying force and a midwife for regime change. However, this sense of exceptionalism was short-lived, as the religiously zealous Islamist expats and their militant executive wings infiltrated the power vacuum to resume their suspended Islamization project of the 1980s. Brandishing electoral “legitimacy”, they attempted to reframe the bourgeoning indigenous democratization project, rooted in an evolving Tunisian intellectual and cultural heritage, along the neocolonial ideological underpinnings of the “Arab Spring” metanarrative, which proffers the thesis that democracy can be promoted in the Muslim world through so-called “Moderate Muslims”. This paper challenges this dominant narrative by offering a counter-narrative about the political transition in Tunisia. It takes stock of the multidisciplinary conceptual and analytical frameworks elaborated upon in postcolonial theory, social movement theory, cognitive neuroscience theories, and digital communication theories. It draws heavily on socio-narrative translation theory. The corpus analyzed in this work consists of disparate yet corroborating narratives cutting across modes, genres, and cultural and linguistic boundaries, and is grounded in insider participant observation. This work opens an alternative inquiry into how the processes of cross-cultural knowledge production and the power dynamics they sustain have helped shape the course of the transition since 2011. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Transitions of Islam and Democracy: Thinking Political Theology)
18 pages, 273 KiB  
Article
Echoes of Violence: Intergenerational Trauma, Fear, and Political Apathy Among Zimbabwean Youth Post-2008 Electoral Violence
by Gilbert T. Zvaita and George C. Mbara
Soc. Sci. 2025, 14(6), 327; https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci14060327 - 25 May 2025
Viewed by 884
Abstract
Zimbabwe’s 2008 electoral violence created lasting societal impacts, yet the psychological consequences for youth, particularly through intergenerational effects, remain under-explored. This study examines how memories of this violence are transmitted to contemporary youth, including those born after 2008, and influence their political attitudes [...] Read more.
Zimbabwe’s 2008 electoral violence created lasting societal impacts, yet the psychological consequences for youth, particularly through intergenerational effects, remain under-explored. This study examines how memories of this violence are transmitted to contemporary youth, including those born after 2008, and influence their political attitudes and participation. The study employed a qualitative approach in Harare’s Mbare suburb, utilising 20 in-depth interviews and four (4) focus groups, which were analysed through a trauma-informed lens. Findings indicate that youth inherit ‘traumascapes’ from elders, which cultivate fear, silence, and political apathy. Parental warnings and experiences link activism directly to vulnerability, prompting youth to adopt disengagement or performative allegiance as survival strategies amidst structural impunity and socio-economic precarity. Unresolved, intergenerationally transmitted trauma perpetuates cycles of civic disempowerment. The study concludes that post-conflict recovery in Zimbabwe requires moving beyond institutional reforms to prioritise psychosocial healing and demands that transitional justice frameworks explicitly address these inherited psychological wounds. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Youth Violence and the Urban Response)
20 pages, 778 KiB  
Article
Determinants of Blank and Null Votes in the Brazilian Presidential Elections
by Renata Rojas Guerra, Kerolene De Souza Moraes, Fernando De Jesus Moreira Junior, Fernando A. Peña-Ramírez and Ryan Novaes Pereira
Stats 2025, 8(2), 38; https://doi.org/10.3390/stats8020038 - 13 May 2025
Viewed by 581
Abstract
This study analyzes the factors influencing the proportions of blank and null votes in Brazilian municipalities during the 2018 presidential elections. The behavior of the variable of interest is examined using unit regression models within the Generalized Additive Models for Location, Scale, and [...] Read more.
This study analyzes the factors influencing the proportions of blank and null votes in Brazilian municipalities during the 2018 presidential elections. The behavior of the variable of interest is examined using unit regression models within the Generalized Additive Models for Location, Scale, and Shape (GAMLSS) framework. Specifically, five different unit regression models are explored, beta, simplex, Kumaraswamy, unit Weibull, and reflected unit Burr XII regressions, each incorporating submodels for both indexed distribution parameters. The beta regression model emerges as the best fit through rigorous model selection and diagnostic procedures. The findings reveal that the disaggregated municipal human development index (MHDI), particularly its income, longevity, and education dimensions, along with the municipality’s geographic region, significantly affect voting behavior. Notably, higher income and longevity values are linked to greater proportions of blank and null votes, whereas the educational level exhibits a negative relationship with the variable of interest. Additionally, municipalities in the Southeast region tend to have higher average proportions of blank and null votes. In terms of variability, the ability of a municipality’s population to acquire goods and services is shown to negatively influence the dispersion of vote proportions, while municipalities in the Northeast, North, and Southeast regions exhibit distinct patterns of variation compared to other regions. These results provide valuable insights into electoral participation’s socioeconomic and regional determinants, contributing to broader discussions on political engagement and democratic representation in Brazil. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Regression Models)
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18 pages, 296 KiB  
Article
New Religious Movements in the Philippines: Their Development, Political Participation, and Impact
by Yuchen Ma
Religions 2025, 16(4), 471; https://doi.org/10.3390/rel16040471 - 7 Apr 2025
Viewed by 3733
Abstract
The Philippines’ new religious movements (NRMs) emerged in the context of the rise of the religious nationalism movement and gradually flourished during the martial law period in the 1970s. Compared with traditional Catholicism, the theology of NRMs is more realistic and temporal, therefore [...] Read more.
The Philippines’ new religious movements (NRMs) emerged in the context of the rise of the religious nationalism movement and gradually flourished during the martial law period in the 1970s. Compared with traditional Catholicism, the theology of NRMs is more realistic and temporal, therefore creating an inherent demand to become politicized. After the People Power Movement, changes in the social environment, media technology, and electoral system in the Philippines created conditions for NRM groups to participate in politics more extensively and directly. They intervened in the political process through various means, such as bloc voting and running for public positions, with characteristics such as opposition to the Catholic Church, proactive and pragmatic political strategies, grassroots appeals, and a transnational mass base. The participation of NRM groups in politics has impacted the Catholic Church’s transcendental political status, enriched the political ecology dominated by oligarchic families, improved public welfare, and provided new channels for the voice of the grassroots. Overall, the rise of NRMs has not only changed the religious landscape of the Philippines but also profoundly affected its democratization process as an important factor, especially in the coming 2025 election. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Religion as a Political Instrument)
19 pages, 488 KiB  
Article
A Little Too Little, A Little Too Late: The Political Impact of Russia’s Anti-Corruption Enforcement
by Marina Zaloznaya and William M. Reisinger
Laws 2025, 14(2), 20; https://doi.org/10.3390/laws14020020 - 21 Mar 2025
Viewed by 1756
Abstract
Similarly to “wars” on drugs and terrorism, the fight against corruption has recently emerged as an attractive political tool. From Argentina and India to the United States and the Philippines, anti-corruption rhetoric has been successfully utilized by political outsiders to challenge establishment candidates. [...] Read more.
Similarly to “wars” on drugs and terrorism, the fight against corruption has recently emerged as an attractive political tool. From Argentina and India to the United States and the Philippines, anti-corruption rhetoric has been successfully utilized by political outsiders to challenge establishment candidates. It remains less clear, however, whether anti-corruption enforcement allows incumbent politicians to hold on to power. In this article, we use a comparative subnational design to analyze the impact of corruption prosecutions on electoral support for the president of Russia. By combining original survey data on popular political attitudes and behaviors as well as citizens’ own participation in petty corruption with official statistics on corruption prosecutions, on the one hand, and data on media coverage of regional corruption scandals, on the other, we reveal a small negative effect of anti-corruptionism on voting for Putin. Our data allow us to adjudicate among several theoretical mechanisms that may lead to this effect. We find that, although ordinary Russians dislike corruption and expect the federal government to fight it, Putin’s anti-corruption enforcement has failed to convince the population that he is the right man for the job. Some Russians, we argue, take the Kremlin’s prosecutions as an indicator of the regime’s failure to prevent corruption among its agents, while others resent the administration for trying to score political points through hyped-up and punitive anti-corruptionism. Full article
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22 pages, 382 KiB  
Article
Narrow Margins and Misinformation: The Impact of Sharing Fake News in Close Contests
by Samuel Rhodes
Soc. Sci. 2024, 13(11), 571; https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci13110571 - 24 Oct 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 9981
Abstract
This study investigates the impact of candidates disseminating fake news on voter behavior and electoral outcomes in highly competitive, partisan races. While the effects of fake news on electoral outcomes have been studied, research has yet to examine the impact of candidates’ strategic [...] Read more.
This study investigates the impact of candidates disseminating fake news on voter behavior and electoral outcomes in highly competitive, partisan races. While the effects of fake news on electoral outcomes have been studied, research has yet to examine the impact of candidates’ strategic use of fake news in elections where it may have the greatest impact—close races. This research explores whether the use of fake news influences voter support, particularly among independent voters, in tightly contested elections. Through a conjoint survey experiment involving participants from Amazon MTurk, this study analyzes how variables such as race competitiveness, perceived risk of alienating independents, and the presence of partisan labels affect voter responses to candidates who spread misinformation. The findings indicate that while the competitiveness of a race does not significantly enhance support for candidates sharing fake news, the presence of partisan labels does. These results suggest that voter behavior in response to fake news is more closely tied to partisan identity than to strategic electoral considerations. This study highlights the complex dynamics of misinformation in electoral contexts and its implications for democratic processes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Disinformation and Misinformation in the New Media Landscape)
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15 pages, 871 KiB  
Article
Should We Vote in Non-Deterministic Elections?
by Bob M. Jacobs and Jobst Heitzig
Philosophies 2024, 9(4), 107; https://doi.org/10.3390/philosophies9040107 - 16 Jul 2024
Viewed by 3121
Abstract
This article investigates reasons to participate in non-deterministic elections, where the outcomes incorporate elements of chance beyond mere tie-breaking. The background context situates this inquiry within democratic theory, specifically non-deterministic voting systems, which promise to re-evaluate fairness and power distribution among voting blocs. [...] Read more.
This article investigates reasons to participate in non-deterministic elections, where the outcomes incorporate elements of chance beyond mere tie-breaking. The background context situates this inquiry within democratic theory, specifically non-deterministic voting systems, which promise to re-evaluate fairness and power distribution among voting blocs. This study aims to explore the normative implications of such electoral systems and their impact on our moral duty to vote. We analyze instrumental reasons for voting, including prudential and act-consequentialist arguments, alongside non-instrumental reasons, assessing their validity in the context of non-deterministic systems. The results indicate that non-deterministic elections could strengthen the case for voting based on prudential and act-consequentialist grounds due to their proportional nature and the increased influence of each vote. We conclude that, while non-deterministic elections strengthen our duty to vote overall, they do not strengthen it for all the arguments in the literature. This paper contributes to the discourse on electoral systems by critically evaluating the moral obligation to vote in non-deterministic elections. Full article
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15 pages, 2003 KiB  
Article
Adapting Traditional Media to the Social Media Culture: A Case Study of Greece
by Georgia Gioltzidou, Dimitra Mitka, Fotini Gioltzidou, Theodoros Chrysafis, Ifigeneia Mylona and Dimitrios Amanatidis
Journal. Media 2024, 5(2), 485-499; https://doi.org/10.3390/journalmedia5020032 - 16 Apr 2024
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 4112
Abstract
This study is situated within the ongoing scholarly discourse surrounding the role of social media in the evolving communication landscape. The main aim of this research is to examine the extent to which the Greek traditional media and journalists have adapted to the [...] Read more.
This study is situated within the ongoing scholarly discourse surrounding the role of social media in the evolving communication landscape. The main aim of this research is to examine the extent to which the Greek traditional media and journalists have adapted to the ethos of social media. In particular, this study conducts a comparative analysis to assess whether the Greek media and journalists have effectively embraced the communication challenges arising from advancements in social media, particularly during election cycles. The theoretical foundation rests on the network theory of power, a concept pioneered by the Spanish sociologist Manuel Castells. The empirical component presents the findings obtained through an examination of journalists’ participation in political discourse on Twitter (now named X) throughout seven distinct election periods encompassing all electoral levels in Greece (presidential, national, European and regional/municipal elections, plus a referendum). The findings reveal low levels of adaptation, in contrast with western countries, where journalists and the media have embraced the online culture to a greater extent and appear to take on more prominent roles in debates. The findings provide valuable insights for journalists, politicians and the media in understanding the role of social media in political communication. Full article
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12 pages, 283 KiB  
Article
Comparing the Election Systems for Overseas Constituency Representatives in Multiple Countries
by Shuji Yamauchi and Takashi Sekiyama
Soc. Sci. 2024, 13(3), 177; https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci13030177 - 20 Mar 2024
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3445
Abstract
Although electoral systems are a traditional focus in political science, limited research exists on the characteristics of overseas constituency representation. This study aims to quantitatively elucidate these characteristics through a comparative analysis of the election systems in eight countries. This study analyzes overseas [...] Read more.
Although electoral systems are a traditional focus in political science, limited research exists on the characteristics of overseas constituency representation. This study aims to quantitatively elucidate these characteristics through a comparative analysis of the election systems in eight countries. This study analyzes overseas constituency representative systems while focusing on key factors such as the number of eligible voters, seats, voter turnout, and representativeness (value of a single vote). Voter turnout in overseas districts varies significantly among these countries. Notably, Croatia and Romania exhibit exceptionally high voter turnouts in overseas districts. Common characteristics in high-turnout countries include a higher representativeness in overseas districts than the home country and a small proportion of overseas voters in the total electorate. This dynamic incentivizes overseas voters to participate in elections to reflect their minority opinions in national politics. Furthermore, it potentially leads to a higher voter turnout in overseas districts than in the home country. Full article
17 pages, 3323 KiB  
Article
Emotivism Trends in Digital Political Communication: The Influence on the Results of the US Presidential Elections
by Belén Casas-Mas, Martin Fernández Marcellán, José Manuel Robles and Daniel Vélez
Soc. Sci. 2024, 13(2), 80; https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci13020080 - 26 Jan 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2702
Abstract
Citizens, organizations and institutions are increasingly making use of digital social networks such as Twitter as a means by which to express their position as regards political topics. However, an increasing amount of academic literature coincides, in that it highlights the emotive and [...] Read more.
Citizens, organizations and institutions are increasingly making use of digital social networks such as Twitter as a means by which to express their position as regards political topics. However, an increasing amount of academic literature coincides, in that it highlights the emotive and expressive nature of these positions. In other words, for the most part, the political opinions that are publicized are more like backing based on support or rejection (without arguments or motives). In parallel, said expressions have a key emotional element (expressions of a positive or negative affective disposition). This article consists of an analysis that aims, on the one hand, to measure the affective disposition of US citizens as expressed on Twitter during the two most recent electoral campaigns (2016 and 2020). Similarly, we have generated a model that facilitates the measurement of the extent to which the content of the aforementioned messages demonstrates arguments or motives, or lack of. By way of the use of a database for the same Twitter accounts in both elections, we provide very consistent results that highlight the lack of argumentation of the public debate and the notably polarized profile of the affective dispositions shown by participants. We use the thesis of emotivism to give a more significant analytical weighting to this research. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Rethinking and Analyzing Political Communication in the Digital Era)
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10 pages, 1063 KiB  
Article
Language and Power: How Democracy and Pluralism Shape Patterns of Minority Political Representation in Bali, Indonesia
by Nur Sofyan, Naili Farida, Rina Martini and Dewi Erowati
Soc. Sci. 2023, 12(12), 657; https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci12120657 - 27 Nov 2023
Viewed by 2077
Abstract
This study aims to portray the political representation of minorities using discourse analysis as a tool to analyse the 2019 legislative election in Bali province. Bali is a province with the largest Hindu population in Indonesia. It is necessary for minority groups to [...] Read more.
This study aims to portray the political representation of minorities using discourse analysis as a tool to analyse the 2019 legislative election in Bali province. Bali is a province with the largest Hindu population in Indonesia. It is necessary for minority groups to take strategic steps to express their participation and existence in political contestation. The power of language and the strength of minority political candidates have led to successful competition for seats in the legislature. The ethnically and religiously heterogeneous electorate sympathized with the candidate. Using a linguistic semiotic approach, the analysis results are obtained, and the use of language as a representation of Muslim power is aimed at the diction of “Khadimul Ummah”, or servant of the public. While this study uses a qualitative approach to semiotic analysis, the diction of servant of the public is interpreted using a binary opposition approach. The results of this study show that language creates its identity and becomes a figure of interest to the Balinese people as a representation of Indonesian legislative members in the electoral district of Bali. For most people in Bali, there is a belief that this diction is something that strengthens inter-religious harmony between societies. The significance of this study lies in the fact that language may have symbolic power for both ethnic minority and majority groups. Full article
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16 pages, 636 KiB  
Article
What Do Pupils Learn from Voting Advice Applications in Civic Education Classes? Effects of a Digital Intervention Using Voting Advice Applications on Students’ Political Dispositions
by Thomas Waldvogel, Monika Oberle and Johanna Leunig
Soc. Sci. 2023, 12(11), 621; https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci12110621 - 8 Nov 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2392
Abstract
To what extent does the use of Voting Advice Applications in (digital) civic education classes at school impact students’ political knowledge, attitudes, motivations and behavioral dispositions toward elections? This article provides answers to this question by presenting a sample analysis of the responses [...] Read more.
To what extent does the use of Voting Advice Applications in (digital) civic education classes at school impact students’ political knowledge, attitudes, motivations and behavioral dispositions toward elections? This article provides answers to this question by presenting a sample analysis of the responses of 1189 pupils who participated in a digital civic education intervention, with the German Voting Advice Application Wahl-O-Mat at its core, whose usage was embedded in an elaborated didactical concept in civic education classes. Using a quasi-experimental field design with pre- and post-tests, the study shows that the intervention substantially improves students’ knowledge of the investigated state election. Furthermore, we can trace a significant increase in young people’s political efficacy and specific interest in the election campaign. Finally, we observe a substantial increase in intended electoral participation, especially among those adolescents whose intention to participate in elections was low prior to the intervention, which contributes to a reduction in existing participation gaps. In particular, we identify changes in motivational and cognitive political dispositions, but only to a limited extent evaluative and sociodemographic background variables, as key factors driving the intervention-induced change in willingness to participate in the state election. Our paper concludes by discussing the limitations of the study and its implications for empirical research and practice in civic education. Full article
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24 pages, 1901 KiB  
Article
A Community Disaster Resilience Index for Chile
by Nicolás C. Bronfman, Javiera V. Castañeda, Nikole F. Guerrero, Pamela Cisternas, Paula B. Repetto, Carolina Martínez and Alondra Chamorro
Sustainability 2023, 15(8), 6891; https://doi.org/10.3390/su15086891 - 19 Apr 2023
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2946
Abstract
Although Chile is one of the countries most exposed to natural hazards, to date there is no national index that shows the differences in resilience levels within the country. This study develops a community resilience index on a national scale based on the [...] Read more.
Although Chile is one of the countries most exposed to natural hazards, to date there is no national index that shows the differences in resilience levels within the country. This study develops a community resilience index on a national scale based on the Baseline Resilience Community (BRIC) index. The BRIC index for Chile was built with 49 indicators, from different sources at the district level. Our results determined that resilience is not distributed homogeneously throughout the country. The highest levels of resilience are concentrated in the central macro-zone. In comparison, the extreme zones of Chile focus close to 90% of their population in the lowest levels, accounting for an uneven distribution of resources and services that impact resilience levels. These differences were mainly explained by indicators such as the percentage of the population without a health insurance system, the percentage of the population without internet access, and the percentage of electoral participation, among others. The results demonstrate that the BRIC model can be successfully implemented to assess community resilience in Chile and suggests the possibility of targeting resources and strategies to increase resilience in areas with the lowest levels of community resilience. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Achieving Disaster Resilient Communities)
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