Search Results (3)

The Augustan Aqueduct, built between 33 and 12 BC at the command of Augustus and designed by Marcus Vipsanio Agrippa, stands as one of the most remarkable hydraulic engineering feats of the Roman era. The main route of the aqueduct extends over 100 km, starting from the caput aquae, represented by the Acquaro-Pelosi springs located at the foot of the Terminio karst massif, near the village of Serino (Campania region) and ending at Castellum Aquae, which corresponds to the Piscina Mirabilis in Bacoli, near Neapolis. Hydrogeological and hydrological features have been analyzed to reconstruct the rationale behind the selection of the aqueduct’s water sources: flow rate, ground level, and quality of the karst waters of the Serino springs best met the supply requirements. These characteristics, and others of historical and archaeological nature, suggest that the Augustan Aqueduct had a hydraulic connection with the Sannitico Aqueduct, also fed by Serino springs. The Sannitico Aqueduct fed the town of Benevento towards Nord, and it is believed to have been built in the first century AD. As shown by this study, both aqueduct systems could be part of a unique and great hydraulic system, built in the 1st century BC to supply areas of great residential importance (cities and patrician villas) or military importance (Miseno harbor and Benevento). The several studies available on the Augustan Aqueduct primarily focus on archaeological, architectural, and engineering aspects and less on hydrogeological aspects. In this paper we highlight that the hydrogeological perspective represents a key to understand the rationale behind the selection of the water sources feeding both aqueducts, built probably at the same time, and their interconnection. Full article

From the archaeological excavations carried out during 2019/2020 in the walled Ávila city (Spain), numerous ceramic fragments of different chronologies have appeared that have allowed us to find settlement sequences in this city that place its beginnings before Romanization. The latest interventions allow us to know that the wall of Ávila has a Roman origin, and it was developed on an indigenous nucleus from the 1st century BC that received the Romanizing influence during the 1st century AD. In addition, it was possible to establish that the materials used for their preparation are consistent with the materials of the geological environment, which suggests a local origin. This paper presents the study of a set of ceramic samples using XRD, ICP/MS, SEM/EDX, and linescan analysis. A statistical analysis of the samples using the minor elements concentrations has suggested that even though the local origin, there were several production centers within painted ceramics that until now were always included as a single set. Finally, due to the importance of the “late-Vetton” or “late Iberic” ceramics (mid-1st century BC—middle of the 1st century AC) from the archaeological aspect, for the first time, these ceramics are studied in detail from chemical and mineralogical tests. It was discovered that these samples had been made in an oven that had not exceeded 800 °C due to the persistence of different phases after cooking. Full article

The water distribution castellum at the terminal end of the Pont du Gard aqueduct serving the Roman city of Nemausus in southern France is analyzed for its water engineering design and operation. By the use of modern hydraulic engineering analysis methods applied to analyze the castellum, new aspects of Roman water engineering technology are discovered not previously reported in the archaeological literature. Analysis of the castellum’s 10 basin wall flow distribution pipelines reveals that when a Roman version of modern critical flow theory is utilized in their design, the 10 pipelines optimally transfer water to city precincts at the maximum flow rate possible with a total flow rate closely approximating the input flow rate from the aqueduct. The castellum’s three drainage floor ports serve as additional fine-tuning to precisely match the input aqueduct flow rate to the optimized 10 pipeline output flow rate. The castellum’s many hydraulic engineering features provide a combination of advanced water engineering technology to optimize the performance of the water distribution system while at the same time enhancing the castellum’s aesthetic water display features typical of Roman values. While extensive descriptive archaeological literature exists on Roman achievements related to their water systems both in Rome and its provinces, what is missing is the preliminary engineering knowledge base that underlies many of their water system’s designs. The present paper is designed to provide this missing link by utilizing modern hydraulic engineering methodologies to uncover the basis of Roman civil engineering practice—albeit in Roman formats yet to be discovered. Full article