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Keywords = audio video bridge (AVB)

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11 pages, 2599 KiB  
Article
Development of an Ethernet-Based Heuristic Time-Sensitive Networking Scheduling Algorithm for Real-Time In-Vehicle Data Transmission
by Hyeong-Jun Kim, Min-Hee Choi, Mah-Ho Kim and Suk Lee
Electronics 2021, 10(2), 157; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics10020157 - 13 Jan 2021
Cited by 41 | Viewed by 4425
Abstract
The rapid development and adaptation of advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) and autonomous driving increases the burden of in-vehicle networks. In-vehicle networks are now required to provide a fast data rate and bounded delay for real-time operation, while conventional protocols such as controller [...] Read more.
The rapid development and adaptation of advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) and autonomous driving increases the burden of in-vehicle networks. In-vehicle networks are now required to provide a fast data rate and bounded delay for real-time operation, while conventional protocols such as controller area networks, local interconnected networks, and FlexRay begin to show limitations. Ethernet-based time-sensitive network (TSN) technology has been proposed as an alternative. TSN is a set of Ethernet standards being developed by the IEEE TSN task group, which aims to satisfy requirements such as real-time operation, stability, and low and bounded latency, and it can be used in automotive, industrial, and aerospace applications. This study introduces several standards for Ethernet traffic scheduling based on TSN technology and proposes a heuristic-based scheduling algorithm for Ethernet scheduling. In addition, three network configurations are simulated using OMNeT++ to show the applicability. The heuristic TSN scheduling algorithm is a straightforward and systematic procedure for practical network designers. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Electrical and Autonomous Vehicles)
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18 pages, 1020 KiB  
Article
Improving Worst-Case Delay Analysis for Traffic of Additional Stream Reservation Class in Ethernet-AVB Network
by Lin Zhao, Feng He, Ershuai Li and Huagang Xiong
Sensors 2018, 18(11), 3849; https://doi.org/10.3390/s18113849 - 9 Nov 2018
Cited by 15 | Viewed by 4964
Abstract
With the increase in the number of Electronic Control Units (ECUs) and future requirements for vehicle functions, two SR (Stream Reservation) traffic classes may not be sufficient to ensure fulfilment of constraints for multiple traffic types with individual timing requirements transmitted in the [...] Read more.
With the increase in the number of Electronic Control Units (ECUs) and future requirements for vehicle functions, two SR (Stream Reservation) traffic classes may not be sufficient to ensure fulfilment of constraints for multiple traffic types with individual timing requirements transmitted in the Ethernet-AVB (Audio Video Bridging) networks. The goal of this paper is to determine the worst-case delay for an additional SR traffic class under the CBS (Credit-Based Shaper) algorithm. Delay evaluation is based on the impact analysis of CBS on different priority flows, particularly depending on when the credits of both SR class A and B drain from the worst-case perspective. More specifically, both the impact of CBS and the evolution trends of credit on different priority class flows are first analyzed from the worst-case perspective. Then, for an additional SR class, two types of worst-case delay models are established with the CBS configuration suggestions. Finally, an approach to calculate the worst-case queuing delay is proposed. Moreover, the worst-case end-to-end delay is determined by the network calculus approach and simulation. Numerical results show that the delay bounds of our models are tighter than those of other models, which is beneficial to the development of Ethernet-AVB for in-vehicle networking. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Sensor Networks)
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33 pages, 3003 KiB  
Article
Impact Analysis of Flow Shaping in Ethernet-AVB/TSN and AFDX from Network Calculus and Simulation Perspective
by Feng He, Lin Zhao and Ershuai Li
Sensors 2017, 17(5), 1181; https://doi.org/10.3390/s17051181 - 22 May 2017
Cited by 40 | Viewed by 9392
Abstract
Ethernet-AVB/TSN (Audio Video Bridging/Time-Sensitive Networking) and AFDX (Avionics Full DupleX switched Ethernet) are switched Ethernet technologies, which are both candidates for real-time communication in the context of transportation systems. AFDX implements a fixed priority scheduling strategy with two priority levels. Ethernet-AVB/TSN supports a [...] Read more.
Ethernet-AVB/TSN (Audio Video Bridging/Time-Sensitive Networking) and AFDX (Avionics Full DupleX switched Ethernet) are switched Ethernet technologies, which are both candidates for real-time communication in the context of transportation systems. AFDX implements a fixed priority scheduling strategy with two priority levels. Ethernet-AVB/TSN supports a similar fixed priority scheduling with an additional Credit-Based Shaper (CBS) mechanism. Besides, TSN can support time-triggered scheduling strategy. One direct effect of CBS mechanism is to increase the delay of its flows while decreasing the delay of other priority ones. The former effect can be seen as the shaping restriction and the latter effect can be seen as the shaping benefit from CBS. The goal of this paper is to investigate the impact of CBS on different priority flows, especially on the intermediate priority ones, as well as the effect of CBS bandwidth allocation. It is based on a performance comparison of AVB/TSN and AFDX by simulation in an automotive case study. Furthermore, the shaping benefit is modeled based on integral operation from network calculus perspective. Combing with the analysis of shaping restriction and shaping benefit, some configuration suggestions on the setting of CBS bandwidth are given. Results show that the effect of CBS depends on flow loads and CBS configurations. A larger load of high priority flows in AVB tends to a better performance for the intermediate priority flows when compared with AFDX. Shaping benefit can be explained and calculated according to the changing from the permitted maximum burst. Full article
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19 pages, 3486 KiB  
Article
Tunneling Horizontal IEC 61850 Traffic through Audio Video Bridging Streams for Flexible Microgrid Control and Protection
by Michael Short, Fathi Abugchem and Muneeb Dawood
Energies 2016, 9(3), 204; https://doi.org/10.3390/en9030204 - 16 Mar 2016
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 8354
Abstract
In this paper, it is argued that some low-level aspects of the usual IEC 61850 mapping to Ethernet are not well suited to microgrids due to their dynamic nature and geographical distribution as compared to substations. It is proposed that the integration of [...] Read more.
In this paper, it is argued that some low-level aspects of the usual IEC 61850 mapping to Ethernet are not well suited to microgrids due to their dynamic nature and geographical distribution as compared to substations. It is proposed that the integration of IEEE time-sensitive networking (TSN) concepts (which are currently implemented as audio video bridging (AVB) technologies) within an IEC 61850 / Manufacturing Message Specification framework provides a flexible and reconfigurable platform capable of overcoming such issues. A prototype test platform and bump-in-the-wire device for tunneling horizontal traffic through AVB are described. Experimental results are presented for sending IEC 61850 GOOSE (generic object oriented substation events) and SV (sampled values) messages through AVB tunnels. The obtained results verify that IEC 61850 event and sampled data may be reliably transported within the proposed framework with very low latency, even over a congested network. It is argued that since AVB streams can be flexibly configured from one or more central locations, and bandwidth reserved for their data ensuring predictability of delivery, this gives a solution which seems significantly more reliable than a pure MMS-based solution. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microgrids 2016)
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