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It is imperative to classify opportunistic skin pathogens and skin commensals for the Malassezia genus of lipophilic yeasts. Recently, in the eastern and western United States, nine types of bat skins have isolated as new Malassezia species in the subfamily Myotinae. Factually, wild-type Malassezia insulates are typically susceptible to azoles, except for fluconazole, although developed azole resistance in these strains has been related to either alterations or quadruplications of the ERG11 gene. Those remarks have provoked interest in substitute antifungal therapy, such as chlorhexidine, and different plant essential oils. The purposes of this investigation were to assess atopic dermatitis (AD) along with the Malassezia species and the adequacy of its inhibitory effect with different plant essential oils against pathogenic Malassezia isolates. Plants produce essential oils because of physiological stresses, microorganism assaults, and biological variables. Essential oils are complex volatile compounds, integrated normally in various plant parts during the cycle of secondary metabolism. Yeasts of the class Malassezia have been associated with various ailments influencing the human skin, for example, psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, dandruff, seborrheic dermatitis, folliculitis, Malassezia (Pityrosporum) and pityriasis Versicolor, and—less commonly—with other dermatologic issues, for example, transient acantholytic dermatosis, onychomycosis, and reticulated and confluent papillomatosis. Malassezia is a significant causal factor for seborrheic dermatitis. Studies exploring cell and humoral immune responses explicit to Malassezia species in patients with Malassezia-related infections and healthy controls have commonly not been able to characterize critical contrasts in their resistant reactions. Presently, few medications are accessible to treat this fungal infection. The current examination is expected to enhance the clinical utilization of essential oils; there is an urgent need to conduct further in vivo investigations with large cohorts of patients to confirm the clinical capability of essential oils against Malassezia species. Full article

Centella asiatica has potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. However, its anti-dermatitic effect has not yet been reported. In this study, we investigated the anti-dermatitic effects of titrated extract of Centella asiatica (TECA) in a phthalic anhydride (PA)-induced atopic dermatitis (AD) animal model as well as in vitro model. An AD-like lesion was induced by the topical application of five percent PA to the dorsal skin or ear of Hos:HR-1 mouse. After AD induction, 100 μL of 0.2% and 0.4% of TECA (40 μg or 80 μg/cm²) was spread on the dorsum of the ear or back skin three times a week for four weeks. We evaluated dermatitis severity, histopathological changes and changes in protein expression by Western blotting for inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and NF-κB activity, which were determined by electromobility shift assay (EMSA). We also measured TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and IgE concentration in the blood of AD mice by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). TECA treatment attenuated the development of PA-induced atopic dermatitis. Histological analysis showed that TECA inhibited hyperkeratosis, mast cells and infiltration of inflammatory cells. TECA treatment inhibited expression of iNOS and COX-2, and NF-κB activity as well as the release of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and IgE. In addition, TECA (1, 2, 5 μg/mL) potently inhibited Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (1 μg/mL)-induced NO production, expression of iNOS and COX-2, and NF-κB DNA binding activities in RAW264.7 macrophage cells. Our data demonstrated that TECA could be a promising agent for AD by inhibition of NF-κB signaling. Full article