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Keywords = algal-NCLDV

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20 pages, 3019 KiB  
Article
The Viral Fraction Metatranscriptomes of Lake Baikal
by Sergey Potapov, Andrey Krasnopeev, Irina Tikhonova, Galina Podlesnaya, Anna Gorshkova and Olga Belykh
Microorganisms 2022, 10(10), 1937; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10101937 - 29 Sep 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3467
Abstract
This article characterises viral fraction metatranscriptomes (smaller than 0.2 µm) from the pelagic zone of oligotrophic Lake Baikal (Russia). The study revealed the dominance of transcripts of DNA viruses: bacteriophages and algal viruses. We identified transcripts similar to Pithovirus sibericum, a nucleocytoplasmic [...] Read more.
This article characterises viral fraction metatranscriptomes (smaller than 0.2 µm) from the pelagic zone of oligotrophic Lake Baikal (Russia). The study revealed the dominance of transcripts of DNA viruses: bacteriophages and algal viruses. We identified transcripts similar to Pithovirus sibericum, a nucleocytoplasmic large DNA virus (NCLDV) isolated from the permafrost region of Eastern Siberia. Among the families detected were RNA viruses assigned to Retroviridae, Metaviridae, Potyviridae, Astroviridae, and Closteroviridae. Using the PHROG, SEED subsystems databases, and the VOGDB, we indicated that the bulk of transcripts belong to the functional replication of viruses. In a comparative unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean (UPGMA) analysis, the transcripts from Lake Baikal formed a separate cluster included in the clade with transcripts from other freshwater lakes, as well as marine and oceanic waters, while there was no separation based on the trophic state of the water bodies, the size of the plankton fraction, or salinity. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Viruses of Plankton)
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47 pages, 10927 KiB  
Review
Chloroviruses
by James L. Van Etten, Irina V. Agarkova and David D. Dunigan
Viruses 2020, 12(1), 20; https://doi.org/10.3390/v12010020 - 23 Dec 2019
Cited by 54 | Viewed by 9827
Abstract
Chloroviruses are large dsDNA, plaque-forming viruses that infect certain chlorella-like green algae; the algae are normally mutualistic endosymbionts of protists and metazoans and are often referred to as zoochlorellae. The viruses are ubiquitous in inland aqueous environments throughout the world and occasionally single [...] Read more.
Chloroviruses are large dsDNA, plaque-forming viruses that infect certain chlorella-like green algae; the algae are normally mutualistic endosymbionts of protists and metazoans and are often referred to as zoochlorellae. The viruses are ubiquitous in inland aqueous environments throughout the world and occasionally single types reach titers of thousands of plaque-forming units per ml of native water. The viruses are icosahedral in shape with a spike structure located at one of the vertices. They contain an internal membrane that is required for infectivity. The viral genomes are 290 to 370 kb in size, which encode up to 16 tRNAs and 330 to ~415 proteins, including many not previously seen in viruses. Examples include genes encoding DNA restriction and modification enzymes, hyaluronan and chitin biosynthetic enzymes, polyamine biosynthetic enzymes, ion channel and transport proteins, and enzymes involved in the glycan synthesis of the virus major capsid glycoproteins. The proteins encoded by many of these viruses are often the smallest or among the smallest proteins of their class. Consequently, some of the viral proteins are the subject of intensive biochemical and structural investigation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Viruses Ten-Year Anniversary)
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27 pages, 1930 KiB  
Review
Viruses of Eukaryotic Algae: Diversity, Methods for Detection, and Future Directions
by Samantha R. Coy, Eric R. Gann, Helena L. Pound, Steven M. Short and Steven W. Wilhelm
Viruses 2018, 10(9), 487; https://doi.org/10.3390/v10090487 - 11 Sep 2018
Cited by 50 | Viewed by 10466
Abstract
The scope for ecological studies of eukaryotic algal viruses has greatly improved with the development of molecular and bioinformatic approaches that do not require algal cultures. Here, we review the history and perceived future opportunities for research on eukaryotic algal viruses. We begin [...] Read more.
The scope for ecological studies of eukaryotic algal viruses has greatly improved with the development of molecular and bioinformatic approaches that do not require algal cultures. Here, we review the history and perceived future opportunities for research on eukaryotic algal viruses. We begin with a summary of the 65 eukaryotic algal viruses that are presently in culture collections, with emphasis on shared evolutionary traits (e.g., conserved core genes) of each known viral type. We then describe how core genes have been used to enable molecular detection of viruses in the environment, ranging from PCR-based amplification to community scale “-omics” approaches. Special attention is given to recent studies that have employed network-analyses of -omics data to predict virus-host relationships, from which a general bioinformatics pipeline is described for this type of approach. Finally, we conclude with acknowledgement of how the field of aquatic virology is adapting to these advances, and highlight the need to properly characterize new virus-host systems that may be isolated using preliminary molecular surveys. Researchers can approach this work using lessons learned from the Chlorella virus system, which is not only the best characterized algal-virus system, but is also responsible for much of the foundation in the field of aquatic virology. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Algae Virus)
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11 pages, 1704 KiB  
Article
Isolation and Characterization of a Double Stranded DNA Megavirus Infecting the Toxin-Producing Haptophyte Prymnesium parvum
by Ben A. Wagstaff, Iulia C. Vladu, J. Elaine Barclay, Declan C. Schroeder, Gill Malin and Robert A. Field
Viruses 2017, 9(3), 40; https://doi.org/10.3390/v9030040 - 9 Mar 2017
Cited by 20 | Viewed by 10220
Abstract
Prymnesium parvum is a toxin-producing haptophyte that causes harmful algal blooms globally, leading to large-scale fish kills that have severe ecological and economic implications. For the model haptophyte, Emiliania huxleyi, it has been shown that large dsDNA viruses play an important role [...] Read more.
Prymnesium parvum is a toxin-producing haptophyte that causes harmful algal blooms globally, leading to large-scale fish kills that have severe ecological and economic implications. For the model haptophyte, Emiliania huxleyi, it has been shown that large dsDNA viruses play an important role in regulating blooms and therefore biogeochemical cycling, but much less work has been done looking at viruses that infect P. parvum, or the role that these viruses may play in regulating harmful algal blooms. In this study, we report the isolation and characterization of a lytic nucleo-cytoplasmic large DNA virus (NCLDV) collected from the site of a harmful P. parvum bloom. In subsequent experiments, this virus was shown to infect cultures of Prymnesium sp. and showed phylogenetic similarity to the extended Megaviridae family of algal viruses. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Marine Viruses 2016)
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