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Keywords = Pinus hartwegii

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12 pages, 2259 KiB  
Article
Short-Term Tree-Ring Series of Pinus hartwegii Lindl. Taken at Ground Level Correlate to Normalized Difference Vegetation Index Series
by Luis R. Montoya-Jiménez, Armando Gómez-Guerrero, Felipe J. A. Pedraza-Oropeza, Teresa M. González-Martínez and Arian Correa-Díaz
Forests 2024, 15(2), 324; https://doi.org/10.3390/f15020324 - 8 Feb 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1513
Abstract
In this work, we propose that small wood core samples (≤10 cm length), taken from 0.3 m above the soil, represent an accurate means of correlating forest growth with remote sensing data. Short-term correlations between the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and tree-ring [...] Read more.
In this work, we propose that small wood core samples (≤10 cm length), taken from 0.3 m above the soil, represent an accurate means of correlating forest growth with remote sensing data. Short-term correlations between the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and tree-ring components of the last three to four decades were tested, using 210 Pinus hartwegii wood cores collected at two locations, Tláloc (TLA) and Jocotitlán (JOCO) in central Mexico. The NDVI time series were generated with the Google Earth Engine (GEE) using Landsat 8 images. Also, seasonal trends in NDVI (e.g., spring, summer, autumn, winter) were analyzed through longitudinal analysis. The results showed more statistically significant dendrochronological indices in TLA than in JOCO, but both locations consistently showed an NDVI decrease in 2018 and 2020, indicating a reduction in vegetation vigor. At the two locations, the minimum and maximum NDVI occurred in April and October, respectively. Seasonal NDVI changes for spring were mainly seen at TLA with a decreasing trend, which may be related to a less defined dry season. The significant correlations (p < 0.05) between tree-ring components and the NDVI occurred in the dry season, indicating that the productivity of a given year is defined by the tree vigor shown in April and May, in the case of TLA, and between January and March, for JOCO. Although the NDVI values of JOCO were higher than those of TLA, tree growth, expressed by tree-ring indices, was lower. Our proposed field method to correlate tree-ring information and the NDVI is reliable and can be used in other coniferous forests. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Response of Tree Rings to Climate Change and Climate Extremes)
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22 pages, 7656 KiB  
Article
Analysis of the Vigor of Pinus hartwegii Lindl. along an Altitudinal Gradient Using UAV Multispectral Images: Evidence of Forest Decline Possibly Associated with Climatic Change
by José Luis Gallardo-Salazar, Roberto A. Lindig-Cisneros, Leonel Lopez-Toledo, Angel R. Endara-Agramont, Arnulfo Blanco-García and Cuauhtémoc Sáenz-Romero
Forests 2023, 14(6), 1176; https://doi.org/10.3390/f14061176 - 6 Jun 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2813
Abstract
Future climate forecasts predict major changes that will have negative impacts on the distribution, abundance, and dynamics of forest ecosystems. In Mexico, there is evidence of symptoms of massive forest decline; however, there is no consensus in terms of attributing these symptoms to [...] Read more.
Future climate forecasts predict major changes that will have negative impacts on the distribution, abundance, and dynamics of forest ecosystems. In Mexico, there is evidence of symptoms of massive forest decline; however, there is no consensus in terms of attributing these symptoms to climate change. This study aimed to provide evidence of forest decline possibly associated with climatic change in the highland pine (Pinus hartwegii Lindl.) populations of the Nevado de Toluca Flora and Fauna Protection Area. Using unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) equipped with multispectral sensors, the study applied digital photogrammetry techniques, automated tree crown detection algorithms, and calculation of the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and leaf chlorophyll index (LCI) to assess forest health across an altitudinal transect (from 3300 m to the timberline at 4040 m elevation). Climate analysis was conducted with TerraClimate data using mean annual temperature (MAT), April temperature, and Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI) from the studied altitudinal transect and its xeric limit. We found that lower altitude populations had significantly higher stress levels, indicating forest decline phenomena, while intermediate altitude populations showed greater vigor of the detected trees. Statistically significant differences in the NDVI and LCI values along the altitudinal gradient provided evidence of forest decline in terms of forest vigor and productivity, with the greatest disturbance found at the lower altitude of the examined forest species. The analysis of the climatic data revealed an increase in April temperature +1.4 °C of the xeric limit of the transect (low altitude) when comparing the reference period, 1961–1990 (mean: 12.17 °C), with the decade prior to our study (2011–2020; mean: 13.57 °C). This would be equivalent to an upward shift in elevation of 280 m of the xeric limit. In addition, the PDSI analysis revealed that droughts are becoming increasingly intense at a rate of 0.06 PDSI units per decade, with greater intensity in the last five years. These findings highlight the negative impacts of climate change on forest ecosystems and the urgent need for alternative forest management and conservation practices to increase resilience and adaptation in the temperate forests of Mexico. This study sets a precedent for further research to improve our understanding of the impacts of climate change on forest ecosystems and the development of sustainable management practices. Full article
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21 pages, 18273 KiB  
Article
Spatiotemporal Variability in Disturbance Frequency and Severity across Mexico: Evidence from Conifer Tree Rings
by Marín Pompa-García, Jan Altman, Daniela Sarahi Paéz-Meráz and José Alexis Martínez Rivas
Forests 2023, 14(5), 900; https://doi.org/10.3390/f14050900 - 27 Apr 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1943
Abstract
It is critical to understand the ecological processes of forest dynamics by identifying past forest disturbances to take appropriate management actions. Tree-rings are commonly used for this purpose due to their reliability and accuracy. Here, we used a network of ring-width data distributed [...] Read more.
It is critical to understand the ecological processes of forest dynamics by identifying past forest disturbances to take appropriate management actions. Tree-rings are commonly used for this purpose due to their reliability and accuracy. Here, we used a network of ring-width data distributed along a broad ecological gradient for the spatiotemporal identification of forest disturbances in 15 species of 13 sites of young Mexican conifers. We found different spatial and temporal patterns in the occurrence of forest disturbance. The species with the highest disturbance rates were Pinus patula (Ppa; El Jacalón), Pinus montezumae (Pmo; La Cueva), Pinus hartwegii (Phc; Cerro El Moro), and Pinus teocote (Pts; Rancho Joyas del Durazno) of the Gulf of Mexico, and Pinus ayacahuite (Pay; Corral de los Borregos) of the Mexico Center. The highest number of disturbances was found in 1953, 1956, 1976, and 1980; however, we noted that the number of disturbances tended to increase from 1975 to 1990 and particularly from 2000 onwards. The species close to the Gulf of Mexico presented a higher frequency and severity of disturbances than those located close to the Pacific Ocean. Thus, our results demonstrate a spatiotemporal pattern of disturbance events, which deserves further analysis, including regarding the drivers of disturbance. This knowledge is crucial for a better understanding of the dynamics of contemporary species. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Forest Inventory, Modeling and Remote Sensing)
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21 pages, 5210 KiB  
Article
What Are Contemporary Mexican Conifers Telling Us? A Perspective Offered from Tree Rings Linked to Climate and the NDVI along a Spatial Gradient
by Marín Pompa-García, Eduardo D. Vivar-Vivar, José A. Sigala-Rodríguez and Jaime R. Padilla-Martínez
Remote Sens. 2022, 14(18), 4506; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14184506 - 9 Sep 2022
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2986
Abstract
Forest structure and composition have changed rapidly worldwide, presenting tendencies towards an increasing proportion of younger trees. From chronologies of tree-ring indices (TRI) and the reconstruction of the basal area increment (BAI), a dendroecological study was conducted from the perspective of the radial [...] Read more.
Forest structure and composition have changed rapidly worldwide, presenting tendencies towards an increasing proportion of younger trees. From chronologies of tree-ring indices (TRI) and the reconstruction of the basal area increment (BAI), a dendroecological study was conducted from the perspective of the radial growth of twelve contemporary conifer species in a highly diverse region of the planet. From an elevational perspective, the TRI were associated with climate and the NDVI, while the BAI was also modeled as a potential proxy for forest productivity. Climate affects the species differently according to elevation: at 1900 m asl, Pinus caribaea, P. oocarpa and P. jeffreyi presented the lowest sensitivities to climate and drought. For their part, species occupying the intermediate part of the gradient (1901–3000 m asl), such as P. engelmannii, P. patula, P. johannis and P. maximartinezii, were very sensitive to maximum temperature (TMax), precipitation (PP) and drought during the winter–spring period. Finally, of the species distributed on the upper part of the gradient (>3000 m asl), only Abies religiosa was associated with TMax and drought; Juniperus deppeana, A. hickelii and P. hartwegii did not seem to be vulnerable to drought. Complementarily, we found significant differences in the BAI as a function of elevation, with the sites at 1001–1500 m asl presenting higher BAI. The results suggest that the growth in these forests is impacted by droughts and follows a distinct spatial pattern, with greater restriction found in mid-elevation forests. Consistent implications are also observed in BAI trends. For its part, the NDVI demonstrated a decreasing tendency in greenness from south to north, although no elevation pattern was evident. The combined proxies utilized here produced parameters that improve our understanding of forest growth and should be considered in vegetation dynamics models in order to reduce their uncertainty in the face of climate vulnerability. These forests must be sustainably managed, and it is therefore crucial to determine the influence of ecological variables on their growth. Full article
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20 pages, 8945 KiB  
Article
Combining Remote Sensing and Species Distribution Modelling to Assess Pinus hartwegii Response to Climate Change and Land Use from Izta-Popo National Park, Mexico
by Ignacio García-Amorena, Elena Moreno-Amat, María Encina Aulló-Maestro, María Cruz Mateo-Sánchez, Silvia Merino-De-Miguel, Jaime Ribalaygua and Robert Marchant
Land 2021, 10(10), 1037; https://doi.org/10.3390/land10101037 - 2 Oct 2021
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3957
Abstract
A detailed analysis of distribution shifts in Pinus hartwegii Lindl. is provided across time for Izta-Popo National Park (México). Combining satellite images, species distribution models, and connectivity analysis we disentangled the effect of climate change and anthropogenic land use on the habitat availability. [...] Read more.
A detailed analysis of distribution shifts in Pinus hartwegii Lindl. is provided across time for Izta-Popo National Park (México). Combining satellite images, species distribution models, and connectivity analysis we disentangled the effect of climate change and anthropogenic land use on the habitat availability. Twenty-four Maxent habitat suitability models with varying complexity were combined with insights on vegetation and land cover change derived from two Landsat satellite images at 30-m resolution from 1993 and 2013. To evaluate effects of climate change on Izta-Popo’s P. hartwegii forest, projections for future climatic conditions (averaged for 2050 and 2070) were derived using two General Circulation Models under three Representative CO2 concentration pathways (RCPs). Calculated fragmentation and connectivity indexes (Equivalent Connected Area and Probability of Connectivity metrics) showed significant habitat loss and habitat fragmentation that weakens P. hartwegii dispersion flux and the strength of connections. Projections of future climate conditions showed a reduction of P. hartwegii habitat suitability as populations would have to migrate to higher altitudes. However, the impact of anthropogenic land use change documented over the 20 years masks the predicted impact of climate change in Izta-Popo National Park. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mountains under Pressure)
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21 pages, 3338 KiB  
Article
Estimating Rainfall Interception of Pinus hartwegii and Abies religiosa Using Analytical Models and Point Cloud
by Claudia Bolaños-Sánchez, Jorge Víctor Prado-Hernández, José Luis Silván-Cárdenas, Mario Alberto Vázquez-Peña, José Manuel Madrigal-Gómez and Antonio Martínez-Ruíz
Forests 2021, 12(7), 866; https://doi.org/10.3390/f12070866 - 30 Jun 2021
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3022
Abstract
Rainfall interception plays a role in the hydrological cycle and is a critical component of water balances at the basin level, which is why understanding it is very important; as a result, in recent years, various authors have proposed different models to explain [...] Read more.
Rainfall interception plays a role in the hydrological cycle and is a critical component of water balances at the basin level, which is why understanding it is very important; as a result, in recent years, various authors have proposed different models to explain this process and identify which of them adapts better to each forest species. In this context, the aim of this research was to evaluate the Gash model and the sparse Gash analytical model in Pinus hartwegii Lindl. and Abies religiosa (Kunth) Schltdl. et. Cham., using measurements from 20 precipitation events recorded in May and June 2018 at the Zoquiapan Experimental Forest Station, Mexico. The evaporation rate was calculated using the Penman–Monteith method (PM) and Gash’s calculation procedure. The canopy parameters were also calculated with two methods, a graphical one (A) and a method proposed in this research (B), which is based on point cloud generated with drone photogrammetry. For P. hartwegii, the most accurate model to estimate interception per rainfall event was the Gash model with the A and Gash methods, which were used to calculate the canopy parameters and evaporation rates, respectively; for accumulated interception, the sparse Gash analytical model with the B and PM methods was used. For A. religiosa, the best fit for individual events was presented by the sparse Gash analytical model with the B and PM methods, and for accumulated interception, it was the Gash model with the B and Gash methods. The results allow concluding that the B method proposed in this research is a good alternative for the calculation of rainfall interception, since it tends to improve its estimation, shortening the time for acquiring information about the parameters of the canopy structure and thus minimizing the costs involved. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Forest Inventory, Modeling and Remote Sensing)
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18 pages, 4467 KiB  
Article
Long-Term Wood Micro-Density Variation in Alpine Forests at Central México and Their Spatial Links with Remotely Sensed Information
by A. Correa-Díaz, A. Gómez-Guerrero, J. J. Vargas-Hernández, P. Rozenberg and W. R. Horwath
Forests 2020, 11(4), 452; https://doi.org/10.3390/f11040452 - 16 Apr 2020
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3915
Abstract
Ongoing climate variability strongly affects high-elevation forests, influencing the wood formation process (e.g., xylogenesis). Furthermore, spatio-temporal studies to establish links of wood properties and tree performance are needed. Using linear mixed-effects models, empirical cumulative distribution functions, and spatial analysis, we explore time trends [...] Read more.
Ongoing climate variability strongly affects high-elevation forests, influencing the wood formation process (e.g., xylogenesis). Furthermore, spatio-temporal studies to establish links of wood properties and tree performance are needed. Using linear mixed-effects models, empirical cumulative distribution functions, and spatial analysis, we explore time trends and space connections of wood density of Pinus hartwegii Lindl. to remotely sensed variables (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectro-radiometer MODIS-derived) in two high-elevation forests in México, Tláloc (TLA) and Jocotitlán (JOC) Mountains. Results indicated that elevation and cambial age effects are important factors explaining wood density variation. Minimum earlywood—MID, average—AVE, and maximum latewood density—MXD were statistically similar between mountains (p > 0.05), but TLA showed a significant increase in MID over time with higher values after 1950. Wood density values and spatial correlations were site-dependent with TLA exhibiting the highest correlations between MXD and the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) of the spring season (r = 0.59, p < 0.05). Overall, correlations to remotely sensed information were positive with MXD, negative for MID and divergent for AVE. Historical temperature defines MID along the elevation gradient, while MXD was related to soil moisture only at low-elevation sites where soils are deeper. We found that two high-elevation forests, 115 km away from each other, with similar climate, soil, and vegetation, behaved differently regarding their xylogenesis, indicating the potential of using the link between wood micro-density and remotely sensed information to understand forest response to climate change effects. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Radial Tree-Ring Traits Variation in Relation to Climate Factors)
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15 pages, 5937 KiB  
Article
Modelling the 2012 Lahar in a Sector of Jamapa Gorge (Pico de Orizaba Volcano, Mexico) Using RAMMS and Tree-Ring Evidence
by Osvaldo Franco-Ramos, Juan Antonio Ballesteros-Cánovas, José Ernesto Figueroa-García, Lorenzo Vázquez-Selem, Markus Stoffel and Lizeth Caballero
Water 2020, 12(2), 333; https://doi.org/10.3390/w12020333 - 23 Jan 2020
Cited by 19 | Viewed by 5024
Abstract
A good understanding of the frequency and magnitude of lahars is essential for the assessment of torrential hazards in volcanic terrains. In many instances, however, data on past events is scarce or incomplete, such that the evaluation of possible future risks and/or the [...] Read more.
A good understanding of the frequency and magnitude of lahars is essential for the assessment of torrential hazards in volcanic terrains. In many instances, however, data on past events is scarce or incomplete, such that the evaluation of possible future risks and/or the planning of adequate countermeasures can only be done with rather limited certainty. In this paper, we present a multiidisciplinary approach based on botanical field evidence and the numerical modelling of a post-eruptive lahar that occurred in 2012 on the northern slope of the Pico de Orizaba volcano, Mexico, with the aim of reconstructing the magnitude of the event. To this end, we used the debris-flow module of the rapid mass movement simulation tool RAMMS on a highly resolved digital terrain model obtained with an unmanned aerial vehicle. The modelling was calibrated with scars found in 19 Pinus hartwegii trees that served as paleo stage indicators (PSI) of lahar magnitude in a sector of Jamapa Gorge. Using this combined assessment and calibration of RAMMS, we obtain a peak discharge of 78 m3 s−1 for the 2012 lahar event which was likely triggered by torrential rainfall during hurricane “Ernesto”. Results also show that the deviation between the modelled lahar stage (depth) and the height of PSI in trees was up to ±0.43 m. We conclude that the combination of PSI and models can be successfully used on (subtropical) volcanoes to assess the frequency, and even more so to calibrate the magnitude of lahars. The added value of the approach is particularly obvious in catchments with very scarce or no hydrological data at all and could thus also be employed for the dating and modelling of older lahars. As such, the approach and the results obtained can be used directly to support disaster risk reduction strategies at Pico de Orizaba volcano, but also in other volcanic regions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Flood Risk Assessments: Applications and Uncertainties)
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18 pages, 416 KiB  
Article
Using Automated Point Dendrometers to Analyze Tropical Treeline Stem Growth at Nevado de Colima, Mexico
by Franco Biondi and Peter Hartsough
Sensors 2010, 10(6), 5827-5844; https://doi.org/10.3390/s100605827 - 9 Jun 2010
Cited by 46 | Viewed by 15263
Abstract
The relationship between wood growth and environmental variability at the tropical treeline of North America was investigated using automated, solar-powered sensors (a meteorological station and two dendrometer clusters) installed on Nevado de Colima, Mexico (19° 35’ N, 103° 37’ W, 3,760 m a.s.l.). [...] Read more.
The relationship between wood growth and environmental variability at the tropical treeline of North America was investigated using automated, solar-powered sensors (a meteorological station and two dendrometer clusters) installed on Nevado de Colima, Mexico (19° 35’ N, 103° 37’ W, 3,760 m a.s.l.). Pure stands of Pinus hartwegii Lindl. (Mexican mountain pine) were targeted because of their suitability for tree-ring analysis in low-latitude, high-elevation, North American Monsoon environments. Stem size and hydroclimatic variables recorded at half-hour intervals were summarized on a daily timescale. Power outages, insect outbreaks, and sensor failures limited the analysis to non-consecutive months during 2001–2003 at one dendrometer site, and during 2002–2005 at the other. Combined data from the two sites showed that maximum radial growth rates occur in late spring (May), as soil temperature increases, and incoming short-wave radiation reaches its highest values. Early season (April–May) radial increment correlated directly with temperature, especially of the soil, and with solar radiation. Stem expansion at the start of the summer monsoon (June–July) was mostly influenced by moisture, and revealed a drought signal, while late season relationships were more varied. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sensors in Agriculture and Forestry)
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