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19 pages, 1473 KiB

Open AccessReview

Advances in Extraction Techniques for Beer Flavor Compounds

by Inês M. Ferreira and Luis F. Guido

Beverages 2023, 9(3), 71; https://doi.org/10.3390/beverages9030071 - 29 Aug 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 3933

Owing to the unique chemical properties exhibited by beer flavor compounds, different extraction methods have been utilized to extract these compounds from the sample matrix. Carbonyl compounds, which significantly contribute to flavor instability in beer, pose challenges in detection due to their low concentrations and reactivity. Consequently, the analysis of beer flavor compounds has focused on improving sensitivity and specificity through techniques that minimize sample preparation requirements and reduce interactions between factors involved in the analysis. Notably, extraction techniques such as headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME), stir bar sorptive extraction (SBSE), and gas diffusion microextraction (GDME) have been successfully applied to the analysis of carbonyl compounds in alcoholic beverages, including beer. Derivatization agents like 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH) and O-(2,3,4,5,6-pentafluorobenzyl)hydroxylamine (PFBHA) enhance the volatility and stability of analytes, facilitating their separation and detection in gas chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography. Chromatographic separation methods, particularly gas chromatography and liquid chromatography, are extensively employed to identify and quantify aroma/flavor compounds in various foodstuffs, including beer. This review provides a comprehensive overview of extraction techniques and chromatographic methods used in the analysis of beer compounds. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Featured Papers in Malting, Brewing and Beer Section—2nd Edition)

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16 pages, 1293 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A New Perspective on SPME and SPME Arrow: Formaldehyde Determination by On-Sample Derivatization Coupled with Multiple and Cooling-Assisted Extractions

by Stefano Dugheri, Giovanni Cappelli, Niccolò Fanfani, Jacopo Ceccarelli, Giorgio Marrubini, Donato Squillaci, Veronica Traversini, Riccardo Gori, Nicola Mucci and Giulio Arcangeli

Molecules 2023, 28(14), 5441; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28145441 - 16 Jul 2023

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2441

Abstract

Formaldehyde (FA) is a toxic compound and a human carcinogen. Regulating FA-releasing substances in commercial goods is a growing and interesting topic: worldwide production sectors, like food industries, textiles, wood manufacture, and cosmetics, are involved. Thus, there is a need for sensitive, economical, and specific FA monitoring tools. Solid-phase microextraction (SPME), with O-(2,3,4,5,6-pentafluorobenzyl)-hydroxylamine (PFBHA) on-sample derivatization and gas chromatography, is proposed for FA monitoring of real-life samples. This study reports the use of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) as a sorbent phase combined with innovative commercial methods, such as multiple SPME (MSPME) and cooling-assisted SPME, for FA determination. Critical steps, such as extraction and sampling, were evaluated in method development. The derivatization was performed at 60 °C for 30 min, followed by 15 min sampling at 10 °C, in three cycles (SPME Arrow) or six cycles (SPME). The sensitivity was satisfactory for the method’s purposes (LOD-LOQ at 11-36 ng L⁻¹, and 8-26 ng L⁻¹, for SPME and SPME Arrow, respectively). The method’s linearity ranges from the lower LOQ at trace level (ng L⁻¹) to the upper LOQ at 40 mg L⁻¹. The precision range was 5.7–10.2% and 4.8–9.6% and the accuracy was 97.4% and 96.3% for SPME and SPME Arrow, respectively. The cooling MSPME set-up applied to real commercial goods provided results of quality comparable to previously published data. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applications of Solid-Phase Microextraction and Related Techniques)

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16 pages, 3205 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Differentiating Huangjiu with Varying Sugar Contents from Different Regions Based on Targeted Metabolomics Analyses of Volatile Carbonyl Compounds

by Junting Yu, Zhilei Zhou, Xibiao Xu, Huan Ren, Min Gong, Zhongwei Ji, Shuangping Liu, Zhiming Hu and Jian Mao

Foods 2023, 12(7), 1455; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods12071455 - 29 Mar 2023

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 2317

Abstract

Huangjiu is one of the oldest alcoholic beverages in the world. It is usually made by fermenting grains, and Qu is used as a saccharifying and fermenting agent. In this study, we identified differential carbonyl compounds in Huangjiu with varying sugar contents from different regions. First, we developed and validated a detection method for volatile carbonyl compounds in Huangjiu, and for optimal extraction, 5 mL of Huangjiu and 1.3 g/L of O-(2,3,4,5,6-pentafluorobenzyl)hydroxylamine hydrochloride (PFBHA) were incubated at 45 °C for 5 min before extracting the volatile carbonyl compounds at 45 °C for 35 min. Second, the targeted quantitative analysis of 50 carbonyl compounds in Huangjiu showed high levels of Strecker aldehydes and furans. Finally, orthogonal projections to latent structures discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) was used to differentiate between Huangjiu with different sugar contents, raw materials, and region of origin. A total of 19 differential carbonyl compounds (VIP > 1, p < 0.05) were found in Huangjiu with different sugar contents (semidry and semisweet Huangjiu), and 20 differential carbonyl compounds (VIP > 1, p < 0.05) were found in different raw materials for Huangjiu production (rice and nonrice Huangjiu). A total of twenty-two and eight differential carbonyl compounds, with VIP > 1 and p < 0.05, were identified in semidry and semisweet Huangjiu from different regions (Zhejiang, Jiangsu, Shanghai, and Fujian), respectively. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovative Chromatographic and Spectroscopic Analytical Methods for Profiling Chemicals in Foods)

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18 pages, 1108 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Quantification of Carbonyl Compounds Generated from Ozone-Based Food Colorants Decomposition Using On-Fiber Derivatization-SPME-GC-MS

by Wenda Zhu, Jacek A. Koziel, Lingshuang Cai, H. Duygu Özsoy and J. (Hans) Van Leeuwen

Chromatography 2015, 2(1), 1-18; https://doi.org/10.3390/chromatography2010001 - 24 Dec 2014

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 8030

Abstract

Fruit leathers (FLs) production produces some not-to-specification material, which contains valuable ingredients like fruit pulp, sugars and acidulates. Recovery of FL for product recycling requires decolorization. In earlier research, we proved the efficiency of an ozone-based decolorization process; however, it produces carbonyls as major byproducts, which could be of concern. A headspace solid-phase microextraction with on-fiber derivatization followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was developed for 10 carbonyls analysis in ozonated FL solution/suspension. Effects of dopant concentration, derivatization temperature and time were studied. The adapted method was used to analyze ozonated FL solution/suspension samples. Dopant concentration and derivatization temperature were optimized to 17 mg/mL and 60 °C, respectively. Competitive extraction was studied, and 5 s extraction time was used to avoid non-linear derivatization of 2-furfural. The detection limits (LODs) for target carbonyls ranged from 0.016 and 0.030 µg/L. A much lower LOD (0.016 ppb) for 2-furfural was achieved compared with 6 and 35 ppb in previous studies. Analysis results confirmed the robustness of the adapted method for quantification of carbonyls in recycled process water treated with ozone-based decolorization. Ethanal, hexanal, 2-furfural, and benzaldehyde were identified as byproducts of known toxicity but all found below levels for concern. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Solid Phase Micro-Extraction)

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