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The fennel shoot borer, Evergestis extimalis (Scopoli) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae: Glaphyriinae), is a widespread and economically significant pest across the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau. However, its geographic distribution, comprehensive genomic resources and the phylogenetic position have not been systematically examined. Our findings reveal a broad distribution for E. extimalis, spanning extensive regions across Asia, Europe, and North America. Furthermore, we present the first complete mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) of this species and conduct extensive phylogenetic analyses to clarify its evolutionary relationships within Crambidae. The circular mitogenome is 15,301 bp in length and exhibits typical lepidopteran organization, comprising 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 22 transfer RNAs (tRNAs), 2 ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs), and an AT-rich control region. Comparative analysis of E. junctalis revealed conserved gene arrangement and high structural similarity. Among the 13 PCGs, nad6 exhibited the highest nucleotide diversity, whereas cox1 was the most conserved. Most PCGs were under purifying selection (Ka/Ks < 1) except atp8, nad2, and nad6. The AT-rich region (367 bp) contained tandem repeat motifs characteristic of Pyraloidea. Phylogenetic reconstruction based on concatenated sequences of 13 PCGs and 2 rRNAs from 58 species strongly supported the monophyly of Crambidae and revealed Glaphyriinae as a sister group to Odontiinae. Our results confirm the basal divergence between the “PS clade” (Pyraustinae + Spilomelinae) and the “non-PS clade” (Glaphyriinae, Odontiinae, Crambinae, Scopariinae, Schoenobiinae, and Acentropinae) but reveal discordant relationships within the “CAMMSS clade” (Crambinae, Acentropinae, Midilinae, Musotiminae, Schoenobiinae, and Scopariinae) compared to earlier nuclear gene-based studies. This study fills a significant gap in Glaphyriinae mitogenomics and provides valuable genomic resources for future population genetics on this economically important pest. Full article

The complete mitochondrial genomes of three species of Odontiinae were newly sequenced: Dausara latiterminalis Yoshiyasu, Heortia vitessoides (Moore), and Pseudonoorda nigropunctalis (Hampson). These circular and double-stranded mitogenomes vary from 15,084 bp to 15,237 bp in size, including 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), two ribosomal RNA genes (rRNAs), and 22 transfer RNA genes (tRNAs) and an A + T-rich region. The nucleotide composition indicated a strong A/T bias. Most PCGs are initiated with an ATN codon and terminated by a codon of TAR. All tRNAs could be folded into the clover-leaf structure with the exception of trnS1 (AGN), in which the dihydrouridine (DHU) arm formed a simple loop, and the motif ‘ATAG’ and ‘ATTTA’ in the A + T-rich region was also founded. The phylogenomic analyses covering Odontiinae + 11 subfamilies of Pyraloidea were conducted. Similar topologies were generated from both Bayesian inference (BI) and maximum likelihood (ML) analyses based on the nucleotide and amino acid sequence data. There was some discrepancy in the sister-group relationship of Odontiinae and Glaphyriinae, and the relationships among the subfamilies in the ‘CAMMSS clade’ of the Crambidae. The results of this study suggest that mitogenomic data are useful for resolving the deep-level relationships of Pyraloidea and the topologies generated from amino acid data might be more realistic and reliable. Moreover, more mitogenomic taxon sampling and larger scale analyses with more genes or a combination of mitogenomic and nuclear genes are needed to reconstruct a comprehensive framework of the pyraloid phylogeny. Full article