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Keywords = Mullen Scales of Early Learning

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17 pages, 1038 KiB  
Article
Pet Flea and Tick Control Exposure During Pregnancy and Early Life Associated with Decreased Cognitive and Adaptive Behaviors in Children with Developmental Delay and Autism Spectrum Disorder
by Amanda J. Goodrich, Daniel J. Tancredi, Yunin J. Ludeña, Ekaterina Roudneva, Rebecca J. Schmidt, Irva Hertz-Picciotto and Deborah H. Bennett
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2025, 22(7), 1149; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph22071149 - 19 Jul 2025
Viewed by 401
Abstract
Approximately 18% of U.S. children experience cognitive and behavioral challenges, with both genetic and environmental contributors. We examined if household insecticides, particularly those used in and around the home and on pets, are associated with neurodevelopmental changes. Data were from children aged 24–60 [...] Read more.
Approximately 18% of U.S. children experience cognitive and behavioral challenges, with both genetic and environmental contributors. We examined if household insecticides, particularly those used in and around the home and on pets, are associated with neurodevelopmental changes. Data were from children aged 24–60 months in the CHARGE study with the following classifications: autism spectrum disorder (ASD, n = 810), developmental delay (DD, n = 192), and typical development (TD, n = 531). Exposure to indoor, outdoor, and pet insecticides was reported for the period from three months pre-conception to the second birthday. Cognitive and adaptive functioning were assessed using the Mullen Scales of Early Learning and Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales. Linear regression was used to evaluate associations by diagnostic group, adjusting for confounders. Flea/tick soaps, shampoos, and powders used during year two were significantly associated with lower cognitive and adaptive scores in children with ASD after FDR correction. Flea/tick skin treatments in early pregnancy were associated with reduced scores in the DD group, though not significant after correction, especially when used with high frequency. No associations were observed in TD children. These findings underscore the need to examine early-life exposure to non-agricultural insecticides as modifiable risk factors for neurodevelopment. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Environmental Health)
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18 pages, 1055 KiB  
Article
Neurocognitive Profile and Associated Factors Among Children Affected by Sickle Cell Disease in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo: A Cross-Sectional Study
by Patricia V. M. Lelo, Faustin Nd Kitetele, Marcel Kunyu, Cathy E. Akele, Daniel L. Okitundu, David Lackland Sam, Michael J. Boivin and Espérance Kashala-Abotnes
Children 2024, 11(12), 1521; https://doi.org/10.3390/children11121521 - 14 Dec 2024
Viewed by 1230
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Understanding the neurocognitive profile of children with sickle cell disease in the Democratic Republic of Congo is essential, as this condition can significantly affect their development. Our study aims to assess these children’s neurocognitive and developmental profiles and identify related factors. Methods: [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Understanding the neurocognitive profile of children with sickle cell disease in the Democratic Republic of Congo is essential, as this condition can significantly affect their development. Our study aims to assess these children’s neurocognitive and developmental profiles and identify related factors. Methods: We conducted a descriptive cross-sectional study involving 287 children, aged 0 to 68 months, using the Mullen Scales of Early Learning and the Gensini Gavito Scale. We also screened for maternal depression using the Hopkins Symptoms Checklist-10. Results: More than half of the participants were boys, with an average age of 4 years. Remarkably, 95.8% (score T < x¯ +2 SD) of children scored below average on the Mullen Scales. Significant associations were found between early neurocognitive development and factors like maternal depression, socioeconomic status, maternal education, age of weaning, and responses to the Ten-Questions Questionnaire (p < 0.005). Conclusion, children with sickle cell disease show below-average cognitive development, with maternal depression being a critical factor. Longitudinal studies are vital to understanding the long-term cognitive effects of sickle cell disease, particularly in the Democratic Republic of Congo, where targeted support is urgently needed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cognitive Development in Children)
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22 pages, 3177 KiB  
Article
Speech Discrimination in Infancy Predicts Language Outcomes at 30 Months for Both Children with Normal Hearing and Those with Hearing Differences
by Kristin M. Uhler, Sean R. Anderson, Christine Yoshinaga-Itano, Kerry A. Walker and Sharon Hunter
J. Clin. Med. 2022, 11(19), 5821; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11195821 - 30 Sep 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2253
Abstract
Background: Speech discrimination assessments are used to validate amplification fittings of older children who are hard of hearing (CHH). Unfortunately, speech discrimination is not assessed clinically 24 months and in turn no studies have investigated the relationship between speech discrimination during infancy [...] Read more.
Background: Speech discrimination assessments are used to validate amplification fittings of older children who are hard of hearing (CHH). Unfortunately, speech discrimination is not assessed clinically 24 months and in turn no studies have investigated the relationship between speech discrimination during infancy and later language development among CHH. Objective: To examine the relationship between an individual infant’s speech discrimination measured at 9 months and their expressive/receptive spoken language at 30 months for children with normal hearing (CNH) and CHH. Methods: Behavioral speech discrimination was assessed at 9 months and language assessments were conducted at 16, 24, and 30 months using a parent questionnaire, and at 30 months using the Mullen Scales of Early Learning among 90 infants (49 CNH; 41 CHH). Results: Conditioned Head Turn (CHT) performance for /a-i/ significantly predicted expressive and receptive language at 30 months across both groups. Parental questionnaires were also predictive of later language ability. No significant differences in speech discrimination or language outcomes between CNH and CHH were found. Conclusions: This is the first study to document a positive relationship between infant speech discrimination and later language abilities in both early-identified CHH and CNH. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Otolaryngology)
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18 pages, 2525 KiB  
Article
Neural Marker of Habituation at 5 Months of Age Associated with Deferred Imitation Performance at 12 Months: A Longitudinal Study in the UK and The Gambia
by Laura Katus, Bosiljka Milosavljevic, Maria Rozhko, Samantha McCann, Luke Mason, Ebrima Mbye, Ebou Touray, Sophie E. Moore, Clare E. Elwell, Sarah Lloyd-Fox, Michelle de Haan and The BRIGHT Study Team
Children 2022, 9(7), 988; https://doi.org/10.3390/children9070988 - 1 Jul 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3522
Abstract
Across cultures, imitation provides a crucial route to learning during infancy. However, neural predictors which would enable early identification of infants at risk of suboptimal developmental outcomes are still rare. In this paper, we examine associations between ERP markers of habituation and novelty [...] Read more.
Across cultures, imitation provides a crucial route to learning during infancy. However, neural predictors which would enable early identification of infants at risk of suboptimal developmental outcomes are still rare. In this paper, we examine associations between ERP markers of habituation and novelty detection measured at 1 and 5 months of infant age in the UK (n = 61) and rural Gambia (n = 214) and infants’ responses on a deferred imitation task at 8 and 12 months. In both cohorts, habituation responses at 5 months significantly predicted deferred imitation responses at 12 months of age in both cohorts. Furthermore, ERP habituation responses explained a unique proportion of variance in deferred imitation scores which could not be accounted for by a neurobehavioural measure (Mullen Scales of Early Learning) conducted at 5 months of age. Our findings highlight the potential for ERP markers of habituation and novelty detection measured before 6 months of age to provide insight into later imitation abilities and memory development across diverse settings. Full article
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10 pages, 1479 KiB  
Article
Pre- and Postnatal Fine Particulate Matter Exposure and Childhood Cognitive and Adaptive Function
by Laura A. McGuinn, Lisa D. Wiggins, Heather E. Volk, Qian Di, Eric J. Moody, Eric Kasten, Joel Schwartz, Robert O. Wright, Laura A. Schieve, Gayle C. Windham and Julie L. Daniels
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(7), 3748; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19073748 - 22 Mar 2022
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 5151
Abstract
Increasing evidence exists for an association between early life fine particulate matter (PM2.5) exposure and several neurodevelopmental outcomes, including autism spectrum disorder (ASD); however, the association between PM2.5 and adaptive and cognitive function remains poorly understood. Participants included 658 children [...] Read more.
Increasing evidence exists for an association between early life fine particulate matter (PM2.5) exposure and several neurodevelopmental outcomes, including autism spectrum disorder (ASD); however, the association between PM2.5 and adaptive and cognitive function remains poorly understood. Participants included 658 children with ASD, 771 with a non-ASD developmental disorder, and 849 population controls from the Study to Explore Early Development. Adaptive functioning was assessed in ASD cases using the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales (VABS); cognitive functioning was assessed in all groups using the Mullen Scales of Early Learning (MSEL). A satellite-based model was used to assign PM2.5 exposure averages during pregnancy, each trimester, and the first year of life. Linear regression was used to estimate beta coefficients and 95% confidence intervals, adjusting for maternal age, education, prenatal tobacco use, race-ethnicity, study site, and season of birth. PM2.5 exposure was associated with poorer VABS scores for several domains, including daily living skills and socialization. Associations were present between prenatal PM2.5 and lower MSEL scores for all groups combined; results were most prominent for population controls in stratified analyses. These data suggest that early life PM2.5 exposure is associated with specific aspects of cognitive and adaptive functioning in children with and without ASD. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Children's Health)
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20 pages, 1503 KiB  
Systematic Review
The Vocabulary of Infants with an Elevated Likelihood and Diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Infant Language Studies Using the CDI and MSEL
by Zsofia Belteki, Raquel Lumbreras, Kloe Fico, Ewa Haman and Caroline Junge
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(3), 1469; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031469 - 27 Jan 2022
Cited by 17 | Viewed by 5697
Abstract
Diagnoses of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are typically accompanied by atypical language development, which can be noticeable even before diagnosis. The siblings of children diagnosed with ASD are at elevated likelihood for ASD diagnosis and have been shown to have higher prevalence rates [...] Read more.
Diagnoses of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are typically accompanied by atypical language development, which can be noticeable even before diagnosis. The siblings of children diagnosed with ASD are at elevated likelihood for ASD diagnosis and have been shown to have higher prevalence rates than the general population. In this paper, we systematically reviewed studies looking at the vocabulary size and development of infants with autism. One inclusion criterion was that infants were grouped either pre-diagnostically as elevated or typical likelihood or post-diagnostically as ASD or without ASD. This review focused on studies that tested infants up to 24 months of age and that assessed vocabulary either via the parent-completed MacArthur–Bates Communicative Developmental Inventory (CDI) or the clinician-administered Mullen Scales of Early Learning (MSEL). Our systematic search yielded 76 studies. A meta-analysis was performed on these studies that compared the vocabulary scores of EL and TL infants pre-diagnostically and the scores of ASD and non-ASD infants post-diagnostically. Both pre- and post-diagnostically, it was found that the EL and ASD infants had smaller vocabularies than their TL and non-ASD peers, respectively. The effect sizes across studies were heterogenous, prompting additional moderator analyses of age and sub-group analyses of the language measure used (CDI or MSEL) as potential moderators of the effect size. Age was found to be a moderator both in the pre- and post-diagnostical groups, however, language measure was not a moderator in either diagnostic group. Interpretations and future research directions are discussed based on these findings. Full article
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