Search Results (7)

The EPR paradox was caused by the provision that quantum variables must have pre-existing values. This type of “hidden property realism” was later falsified by Bell’s Theorem. Accordingly, the physical basis for action-at-a-distance between entangled quanta was removed. Yet, modern interpretations present Bell’s inequality as a Locality Criterion, as if Bell violations can only happen at the quantum level, and only with remote interactions. This is a questionable practice, considering that classical joint measurements also violate such inequalities for mutually exclusive wave properties. In particular, consecutive measurements of polarization produce the same coefficients of correlation as parallel measurements with entangled quanta, yet they are explicitly local. Furthermore, it is possible to combine parallel and consecutive measurements of Type I polarization-entangled photons in a single experiment, conclusively showing that quantum Bell violations can be local. Surprisingly, classical phenomena also require nonlocal interpretations if pre-existing properties are taken for granted. Hence, the solution is to reject the models with pre-existing properties for both classical and quantum wave-like phenomena. Full article

Optical metasurfaces have shown unprecedented capabilities to control the two-dimensional distributions of phase, polarization, and intensity profiles of optical waves. Here, a TiO₂ nanostructure functioning as a nano-polarizer was optimized considering that an anisotropic nanostructure is sensitive to the polarization states of incident light. We demonstrate two metasurfaces consisting of nano-polarizer arrays featured with different orientations, which can continuously manipulate the intensity distribution of the output light cell by cell according to Malus law and clearly display the detailed information of the target image. These metasurfaces have potential application in ultracompact displays, high-density optical information storage, and many other related polarization optics fields. Full article

The biggest problem in imaging medicine is the occurrence of light reflection in the imaging process for lesion diagnosis. The formation of light reflection obscures the diagnostic field of the lesion and interferes with the correct diagnosis of the observer. The existing method has the inconvenience of performing a diagnosis in a state in which light reflection is suppressed by adjusting the direction angle of the camera. This paper proposes a method for rotating a linear polarization filter to remove light reflection in a diagnostic imaging camera. Vertical polarization and horizontal polarization are controlled through the rotation of the filter, and the polarization is adjusted to horizontal polarization. The rotation angle of the filter for horizontal polarization control will be 90°, and the vertical and horizontal polarization waves induce a 90° difference from each other. In this study, light reflection can be effectively removed during the imaging process, and light reflection removal can secure the field of view of the lesion. The removal of light reflection can help the observer’s accurate diagnosis, and these results are expected to be highly reliable and commercialized for direct application in the field of diagnostic medicine. Full article

This paper examines the current No-Claim Discount (NCD) system used in Ghana’s auto insurance market as inefficient and outmoded and, therefore, proposes an alternative optimal Bonus-Malus System (BMS) intended to meet the present market conditions and demand. It appears that the existing BMS fails to acknowledge the frequency and severity of policyholders’ claims in its design. We minimized the auto insurance portfolios’ risk through Bayesian estimation and found that the risk is well fitted by gamma, with the claim distribution modeled by the negative binomial law with the expected number of claims (a priori) as 14%. The models presented in this paper recognize the longevity of accident-free driving and fully reward higher discounts to policyholders from the second year when the true characteristics of the hidden risks posed to the pool have been ascertained. The BMS finally constructed using the net premium principle is very optimal and has reasonable punishment and rewards for both good and bad drivers, which could also be useful in other developing economies. Full article

The famous singlet correlations of a composite quantum system consisting of two two-level components in the singlet state exhibit notable features of two kinds. One kind are striking certainty relations: perfect anti-correlation, and perfect correlation, under certain joint settings. The other kind are a number of symmetries, namely invariance under a common rotation of the settings, invariance under exchange of components, and invariance under exchange of both measurement outcomes. One might like to restrict attention to rotations in the plane since those are the ones most commonly investigated experimentally. One can then also further distinguish between the case of discrete rotations (e.g., only settings which are a whole number of degrees are allowed) and continuous rotations. We study the class of classical correlation functions, i.e., generated by classical physical systems, satisfying all these symmetries, in the continuous, planar, case. We call such correlation functions classical EPR-B correlations. It turns out that if the certainty relations and rotational symmetry holds at the level of the correlations, then rotational symmetry can be imposed “for free” on the underlying classical physical model by adding an extra randomisation level. The other binary symmetries are obtained “for free”. This leads to a simple heuristic description of all possible classical EPR-B correlations in terms of a “spinning bi-coloured disk” model. We deliberately use the word “heuristic” because technical mathematical problems remain wide open concerning the transition from finite or discrete to continuous. The main purpose of this paper is to bring this situation to the attention of the mathematical community. We do show that the widespread idea that “quantum correlations are more extreme than classical physics would allow” is at best highly inaccurate, through giving a concrete example of a classical correlation which satisfies all the symmetries and all the certainty relations and which exceeds the quantum correlations over a whole range of settings. It is found by a search procedure in which we randomly generate classical physical models and, for each generated model, evaluate its properties in a further Monte-Carlo simulation of the model itself. Full article

The study of finger kinematics has developed into an important research area. Various hand tracking systems are currently available; however, they all have limited functionality. Generally, the most commonly adopted sensors are limited to measurements with one degree of freedom, i.e., flexion/extension of fingers. More advanced measurements including finger abduction, adduction, and circumduction are much more difficult to achieve. To overcome these limitations, we propose a two-axis 3D printed optical sensor with a compact configuration for tracking finger motion. Based on Malus’ law, this sensor detects the angular changes by analyzing the attenuation of light transmitted through polarizing film. The sensor consists of two orthogonal axes each containing two pathways. The two readings from each axis are fused using a weighted average approach, enabling a measurement range up to 180 ${}^{\circ }$ and an improvement in sensitivity. The sensor demonstrates high accuracy (±0.3 ${}^{\circ }$ ), high repeatability, and low hysteresis error. Attaching the sensor to the index finger’s metacarpophalangeal joint, real-time movements consisting of flexion/extension, abduction/adduction and circumduction have been successfully recorded. The proposed two-axis sensor has demonstrated its capability for measuring finger movements with two degrees of freedom and can be potentially used to monitor other types of body motion. Full article

The paper presents a novel wide range absolute displacement sensor based on polarized light detection principle. The sensor comprises of two sets of polarized light detecting systems which are coupled by pulleys. The inherent disadvantage in optic system like light source intensity drift is solved and absolute measurement with wide-range is achieved. A prototype and the relevant test bed have been built. The test results are in good agreement with expectation. Its measurement range is 540 mm, and its linearity is better than 0.05%. Full article