Search Results (133)

Background: Insomnia and excessive sleepiness are significant health problems with a complex etiology, increasingly affecting young people, especially students. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of sleep disturbances and patterns of psychoactive drug use among female Polish students. We also explored the potential impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on sleep behaviors. We hypothesized that sleep disorders are common in this group, that medical students are more likely to experience insomnia and excessive sleepiness, and that the pandemic has exacerbated both sleep disturbances and substance use. Methods: This cross-sectional study utilized a custom survey designed using standardized questionnaires—the Athens Insomnia Scale and Epworth Sleepiness Scale—that was distributed online using the Computer-Assisted Web Interviewing method. A total of 11,988 responses were collected from 31 January 2016 to 1 January 2021. Inclusion criteria were being female, having a college student status, and giving informed consent. Results: Among the 11,988 participants, alcohol use declined after the pandemic began (p = 0.001), while sedative use increased (p < 0.001). Insomnia (AIS) was associated with study year, university profile, and field of study (p < 0.001), with the highest rates in first-year and non-medical students. It was more common among users of sedatives, psychostimulants, and multiple substances. No significant change in insomnia was found before and after the pandemic. Excessive sleepiness (ESS) peaked in first-year and medical students. It decreased during the pandemic (p < 0.001) and was linked to the use of alcohol, psychostimulants, cannabinoids, and multiple substances. Conclusions: These findings highlight that female students are particularly vulnerable to sleep disorders. The influence of the COVID-19 pandemic on sleep disturbances remains inconclusive. Given the varied results in the existing literature, further research is needed. Full article

Background/Objectives: Sleep questionnaires are used as screening tools to estimate the presence and severity of snoring and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). The aim was to prospectively assess the diagnostic and prognostic accuracy of sleep questionnaires (Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), Visual Analog Scale for snoring loudness (VAS), Short Form Health Survey 36 (SF-36), STOP-Bang, and Pittsburgh Quality of Sleep (PSQI)) in subjects who underwent minimally invasive surgery for snoring and OSA. Methods: A total of 49 participants with primary snoring and/or OSA underwent minimally invasive surgery. Pre- and post-operative sleep study parameters and sleep questionnaire results were analyzed to assess the correlation between the subjective and objective parameters before and after surgery and changes with the surgery. Results: Pre-operative sleep study parameters demonstrated: an apnea–hypopnea index (AHI) of 16.71 ± 9.31, oxygen desaturation index (ODI) of 14.43 ± 9.31, and mean percentage of snoring time (ST) of 17.26 ± 14.5%, ESS of 9.04 ± 5.76, VAS of 8.18 ± 1.93, SF-36 of 42.12 ± 22.86, STOP-Bang of 3.65 ± 1.13, and PSQI of 6.61 ± 3.23. Post-operative sleep study parameters demonstrated an AHI of 10.39 ± 7.86, ODI of 10.17 ± 7.78, and ST of 12.55 ± 13.36%, ESS of 6.61 ± 4.55, VAS of 4.13 ± 2.87, SF-36 of 42.45 ± 24.70, STOP-Bang of 2.49 ± 1.42, and PSQI of 4.98 ± 2.13. Changes with surgery for sleep parameters demonstrated a decrease in AHI: 37.83%, ODI: 29.52%, ST: 27.3%, ESS: 26.86%, VAS: 49.50%, PSQI: 24.69%, and STOP-Bang: 31.84%. The score of SF-36 was not significant. Conclusions: Sleep questionnaires are an essential component of the workup for patients with snoring and OSA. There are differences in their ability to identify the presence and quantify the severity of snoring and OSA when compared to objective sleep parameters. Their sensitivity in assessing changes with treatment also varies. Full article

Objective: This study aims to investigate the feasibility of an online music therapy protocol for individuals previously diagnosed with COVID-19, focusing on their perceptions of their respiratory symptoms and the intervention’s impact on psychosocial measures. Methods: A within-subject experimental design was applied to examine an eight-week weekly online music therapy protocol, including singing, wind instrument playing, and music visualizations. All self-report data were collected bi-weekly throughout the 16-weeks study period, including baseline and post-tests. The measures for respiratory symptoms included the Medical Research Council’s Dyspnea Scale (MRC Dyspnea), Chronic Respiratory Questionnaire-Mastery Scores (CRQ Mastery), and Visual Analogue Scale for breathlessness. The measures for the secondary psychosocial outcomes were the Beck Depression Inventory-Short Form, the Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-item, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, the Fatigue Severity Scale, the Epworth Sleepiness Scale, the EuroQol 5-Dimension 5-Level, and the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale. Results: Twenty-four participants were enrolled. The participants perceived a reduction in respiratory symptoms, and shortness of breath (MRC Dyspnea). Planned comparisons showed significant decreases in MRC from baseline to post-treatment (p = 0.008). The mixed-effects model, including pre-baseline and post-treatment, was significant (p < 0.001). Significant changes in Breathing VAS were consistent with improvements in MRC Dyspnea, showing a significant baseline-to-post difference (p = 0.01). The CRQ Mastery showed significant improvements from baseline to Week 12 (p < 0.001). No significant changes were observed in other secondary measures. Conclusions: Our preliminary findings suggest that this protocol is feasible, and as a result, may help individuals previously diagnosed with COVID-19 to cope with lasting respiratory symptoms and improve their perception of shortness of breath. Live music-making, including playing accessible wind instruments and singing, may contribute to an increase sense of control over breathing. As this was a feasibility study, we conducted multiple uncorrected statistical comparisons to explore potential effects. While this approach may increase the risk of Type I error, the findings are intended to inform hypotheses for future confirmatory studies rather than to draw definitive conclusions. Full article

Emotional processes and sleep quality have become fundamental aspects of performance in Paralympic sports among elite and youth athletes. The objective of this study was to compare levels of depression, stress, anxiety, and sleep quality among youth and adult athletes with cerebral palsy (CP) belonging to the national CP Football team in Chile. A total of 10 adult and 12 youth national team athletes participated, completing the DASS-21, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, and Epworth Sleepiness Scale questionnaires. The athletes were competing in their respective categories at the 2024 Parapan American Games. A cross-sectional design was used to compare the parameters of depression, stress, anxiety, and sleep quality of youth and adult male athletes with CP of a national team selected to compete in a regional event. Significant differences were found where young athletes had lower levels of depression (χ² = 4.77, p = 0.02, OR = 11.0) and anxiety (χ² = 6.71, p = 0.01, OR = 16.5). Similar differences could be observed in favor of young athletes in sleep latency (p = 0.04; d = 0.34), bedtime (p = 0.02; d = 0.20), total hours of sleep (p = 0.04; d = 0.10), subjective sleep quality (p = 0.002; d = 0.56), and objective sleep quality (p < 0.001; d = 0.65). This study suggests that adult para-athletes from a national CP Football team exhibit higher levels of depression and anxiety compared to their youth counterparts. Additionally, objective and subjective measures show that adults experience poorer sleep quality. These findings highlight the need for targeted interventions by psychological support teams, aiming to enhance athlete performance by promoting healthy habits that address these mental health challenges. Full article

Background: Sleep-disordered breathing (SDB), particularly Cheyne–Stokes respiration (CSR), is highly prevalent among patients hospitalized with acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF) and is associated with worse clinical outcomes. Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) have demonstrated cardiorenal benefits in heart failure, but their effects on nocturnal respiratory parameters remain underexplored. Objectives: This study aims to evaluate the impact of SGLT2i therapy on key respiratory and cardiac indices including CSR burden, oxygenation, and right heart function in patients with ADHF and reduced left ventricular ejection fraction. Methods: In this single-center prospective cohort study, 60 patients with ADHF, LVEF < 40%, and a baseline apnea–hypopnea index (AHI) > 5 were assessed before and three months after the initiation of SGLT2i therapy. Sleep respiratory parameters were measured using home polygraphy (ApneaLink^TM), while cardiac and renal indices were evaluated by echocardiography, NT-proBNP, and the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). Structural and functional echocardiographic changes were analyzed both at baseline and following the 3-month treatment period. Patient-reported outcomes were assessed using the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) and Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire (KCCQ). Results: After 3 months of SGLT2i therapy, significant improvements were observed in daytime sleepiness (ESS: −2.68 points; p < 0.001), CSR index (−5.63 events/h; p < 0.001), AHI (−3.07 events/h; p < 0.001), ODI (−6.11 events/h; p < 0.001), and mean nocturnal SpO₂ (+1.95%; p < 0.001). KCCQ scores increased by 9.16 points (p < 0.001), indicating improved quality of life. Cardiac assessments revealed reductions in NT-proBNP (−329.6 pg/mL; p < 0.001) and E/e′ ratio (−1.08; p < 0.001), with no significant change in LVEF or chamber dimensions. Right ventricular function improved, as evidenced by the increased TAPSE/sPAP ratio (+0.018; p < 0.001). Renal function remained stable, with a non-significant upward trend in eGFR. Conclusions: This exploratory study suggests that SGLT2 inhibitors may be associated with the attenuation of Cheyne–Stokes respiration and an improvement in right heart function in patients with ADHF, warranting further investigation in controlled trials. These findings highlight the potential of SGLT2is to address overlapping cardio-respiratory dysfunction in this high-risk population. Full article

Background: Excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) and fatigue are two impactful symptoms, frequently associated with sleep disorders, which can worsen the quality of life. Due to overlapping features and patient-report ambiguity a clear-cut distinction between EDS and fatigue can become a challenging issue. We aimed to investigate the prevalence and consequences of these two conditions in several sleep pathologies, examining their social, psychological, and dietary impact, with a focus on gender-related differences and occupational status. Methods: We prospectively recruited for an online survey 136 adult outpatients (60 females) affected by various sleep disorders and admitted to our Sleep Disorders Center in Parma, Italy. Patients were asked to complete the following tests: Epworth Sleepiness Scale, Fatigue Severity Scale, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale, Depression Anxiety Stress Scale-21, Hyperarousal Scale, the Addiction-like Eating Behaviors Scale, Work Productivity and Activity Impairment Questionnaire, MEDI-Lite, and EQ-5D Health Questionnaire. Results:Fatigue was the primary daily symptom leading to serious repercussions on social/emotional and psychological well-being, while daytime sleepiness showed a less relevant role. Women reported higher levels of fatigue, sleep disturbances, emotional dysregulation, hyperarousal, and work productivity impairments. Unemployed people experienced a higher degree of fatigue, with multi-level negative consequences. Conclusions: We suggest sleep clinicians place a greater emphasis on the assessment of fatigue during clinical interviews, keeping in mind the greater vulnerability of females, experiencing disproportionate consequences. Further studies should expand our findings, exploring a wider range of gender identities and recruiting larger samples of patients. Full article

Background/Objectives: Acromegaly is a rare chronic disease caused by excess growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth hormone 1 (IGF-1) due to a pituitary adenoma. In acromegaly patients, oral and facial manifestations, such as mandibular growth, macroglossia, and dental malocclusion, are common and can affect quality of life. The aims of the present study were to evaluate the diagnostic path of these patients, the impact that acromegaly had on their oral health, the medical figures involved, and the role played by their dentist. Methods: The data were collected via an anonymous questionnaire to study dental health, dental care, and acromegaly diagnosis and history and via validated questionnaires. The validated questionnaires used were the ESS (Epworth Sleepiness Scale) to assess daytime sleepiness, OHIP-14 (Oral Health Impact Profile-14) to study perceptions of oral health, and AcroQoL to explore quality of life. Results: We enrolled 90 acromegaly patients: 48% of the patients reported acromegaly oral manifestations and 73% reported facial changes. The most frequent oro-facial manifestations reported by the patients were jaw growth (41%), diastema (40%), macroglossia (39%), and increased size of cheekbones (35%). The median OHIP-14 value was 5 (min 0–max 43), and the highest values were recorded in the questions relating to pronunciation difficulties and problems eating due to dental problems, as well as discomfort with dental aesthetics. The patients’ sleep quality was rated as good by 33% of patients, decent by 47%, and bad by 20%. The median ACROQol score achieved by the patients was 69 (min 19, max 98). An inverse and statistically significant correlation was observed between OHIP-14 and AcroQoL scores (Spearman correlation coefficient—0.44, p = 0.0002). Conclusions: Oro-facial changes significantly affect quality of life in cases of acromegaly, yet dental professionals’ involvement in diagnosis and management is limited. Greater awareness among and integration of dental professionals could support earlier detection and improve patient outcomes. Full article

Background: Sleep apnea is a breathing affliction that affects sleep quality, with significant implications for overall physical and oral health, as well as mental health. Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the validity of the STOP-Bang and Epworth questionnaires as preoperative screening tools for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) in the adult population from the NE region of Romania. Materials and Methods: A total of 222 participants were selected. The questionnaire method was used, with the subjects completing the STOP-Bang and Epworth questionnaires. A chi-squared test, an ANOVA, and Student’s t-tests were used for the statistical analysis. Results: the STOP-Bang questionnaire revealed an increased risk of OSA among those with a high BMI, an age over 50 years, or a large neck circumference. Regarding the Epworth questionnaire, daytime sleepiness was more frequent among obese individuals and those with associated pathologies. Significant correlations were found between OSA and obesity, age, and associated pathologies, with limited observations on the influence of gender on the risk of OSA. Conclusions: The studied questionnaires are effective and easy-to-use tools for the preoperative screening of OSA, demonstrating a significant correlation between the identified risk factors and the disease severity. Full article

Background and Objectives: Sleep disorders are highly prevalent in society and require focused attention within healthcare systems. While patient history, reported complaints, and subjective sleep questionnaires can provide initial insights into potential sleep issues, polysomnography (PSG) remains the gold standard for diagnosing various sleep disorders. However, long waiting times for PSG appointments in many healthcare facilities pose challenges for timely diagnosis and treatment. This study aimed to evaluate the diagnostic value of subjective measures, including patient-reported parameters, in comparison to the objective findings of PSG. Materials and Methods: In this study, we retrospectively analysed the data from 562 patients who underwent clinical evaluation and PSG testing at the Hospital of Lithuanian University of Health Sciences Kaunas Clinics between 2018 and 2024. We report the diagnostic accuracy of different sleep questionnaires to detect various sleep disorders in our population. Results: We report the corresponding sensitivity and specificity values: the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS)—73.2% and 44.1% for detecting severe obstructive sleep apnoea and 87.1% and 76.8% for detecting hypersomnia; the Insomnia Severity Index (ISI)—77.2% and 63.3% for detecting insomnia; the Berlin Questionnaire (BQ)—67.8% and 68.8% for detecting obstructive sleep apnoea; the Ullanlina Narcolepsy Scale (UNS)—84.4% and 58.9% for detecting hypersomnia; the Innsbruck REM Sleep Behaviour Disorder Inventory (RBD-I)—93.3% and 52.5% for detecting RBD; the REM Sleep Behaviour Disorder Single-Question Screen (RBD1Q)—73.3% and 81.0% for detecting RBD; and the Paris Arousal Disorder Severity Scale (PADSS)—57.5% and 90.5% for detecting parasomnia. Conclusions: When comparing our findings with the previous literature, we found that the screening tools generally demonstrated a slightly poorer performance in our population. However, our results suggest that certain individual questions from the comprehensive questionnaires may provide comparable diagnostic values, while reducing the patient burden. We propose a targeted screening approach that integrates fundamental clinical parameters, key screening questions, and selected validated questionnaires, enabling primary care and outpatient clinicians to more efficiently identify patients who may require referral for specialised sleep evaluation and treatment. Full article

Background: Managing acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF) is complex, particularly when combined with comorbidities like sleep apnea. Effective treatment requires personalized approaches, focusing on quality of life (QoL) and mental health outcomes. Purpose: This study explored the prevalence and characteristics of sleep apnea in patients with obesity and AHF exacerbations. It assessed how different sleep apnea phenotypes impact QoL and mental health, applying personalized medicine strategies. Methods: A prospective cohort study was conducted on 150 patients admitted for AHF exacerbation. Inclusion criteria included an Apnea–Hypopnea Index (AHI) > 5, an Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) > 8, NT-proBNP > 900 pg/mL and informed consent obtained prior to participation. Optimized medical treatment was provided. QoL and mental health were evaluated using the Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire (KCCQ) and the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). Results: Among 81 patients with sleep apnea, 73% (n = 59) had obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and 27% (n = 19) had central sleep apnea (CSA). OSA patients reported a higher QoL (61.12 ± 17.88) compared to CSA patients (37.18 ± 19.98, p < 0.001). CSA patients exhibited more severe depression (BDI: 26.18 ± 5.5 vs. 16.64 ± 4.1, p < 0.001). Significant correlations were noted between KCCQ and BDI scores (r = −0.849, p < 0.001) and central apnea events (r = −0.485, p < 0.001). Conclusions: Sleep apnea is common in ADHF patients, with CSA being linked to poorer QoL and greater depression. Personalized medicine offers promising strategies to enhance care and outcomes. Full article

Background: Aging is a well-established independent risk factor for both cognitive impairment and sleep disorders, including obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), a modifiable yet underrecognized condition. OSA has been implicated in biological mechanisms contributing to Alzheimer’s disease, including amyloid-β accumulation, tau phosphorylation, and neuroinflammation. This underscores the need to optimize OSA diagnosis in individuals with an increased risk of dementia. Methods: This cross-sectional observational study enrolled adults aged 60–85 years with a CAIDE dementia risk score ≥6. Subjective sleep was evaluated using validated questionnaires (Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, Epworth Sleepiness Scale, and the Oviedo Sleep Questionnaire), while objective sleep data were obtained through a single-night peripheral arterial tonometry (PAT)-based wearable device, complemented by a 7-day sleep diary. Participants also completed the STOP-BANG and Berlin questionnaires, with clinically relevant findings communicated to participants. Results: Among 322 participants (48.8% women; mean age 71.4 ± 6.4 years), moderate-to-severe OSA (apnea–hypopnea index [AHI] ≥ 15) was identified in 48.49%, despite the absence of prior diagnoses. Subjective screening tools frequently underestimated OSA severity compared to objective assessments. While no significant sex-based differences were noted, higher AHI values correlated strongly with increased body mass index and elevated dementia risk scores. Conclusions: A marked discrepancy between subjective and objective sleep measurements complicates the accurate diagnosis and management of most sleep disorders, including OSA. Sleep disorders remain significantly underdiagnosed in individuals at increased risk for dementia. Integrating wearable technologies and structured tools such as sleep diaries into routine assessments can enhance diagnostic precision, enabling timely interventions for these modifiable risk factors of dementia. Full article

Background/Objectives: Chronotypes significantly influence sleep quality, daily performance, and overall activity levels. Although there is growing evidence indicating that individuals with a late chronotype are more likely to experience cognitive decline, the specific neural mechanisms that contribute to this risk remain unclear. This study aims to explore the relationship between morning and evening preferences and the volumes of subcortical structures in a young, healthy population. Methods: A total of 123 participants (80 females), aged between 18 and 35 years, were recruited. They underwent MRI scans and completed several self-reported assessments, including the morningness–eveningness scale of the Chronotype Questionnaire (ChQ-ME), the amplitude scale of the Chronotype Questionnaire (ChQ-AM), the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). Participants were classified into early chronotype (EC) and late chronotype (LC) groups based on their ChQ-ME scores. High-resolution T1-weighted imaging was utilized to analyze the volumes of subcortical structures and hippocampal subfields. Results: The volumetric analysis indicated that the LC group showed significant reductions in the right Caudate (p = 0.03) and the left SR-SL-SM (p = 0.03) compared to the EC group. Additionally, a notable leftward hemispheric laterality of the Subiculum (p = 0.048) was observed in the EC group relative to the LC group. Furthermore, the ChQ-AM revealed significant positive (r = 0.23) and negative (r = −0.19) correlations with the volumes of the left thalamus and right amygdala, respectively. The PSQI demonstrated a significant negative correlation (r = −0.21) with the right SR-SL-SM, while the ESS indicated a significant positive correlation (r = 0.24) with the left SR-SL-SM. Multiple regression analysis indicated that variations in daytime sleepiness are linked to the change of the left SR-SL-SM volume. Conclusions: Overall, the findings suggest that chronotype preferences are associated with the changes in the volumes of subcortical structures and hippocampal subfields and highlight the role of chronotypes in the neural mechanisms of these brain structures. Full article

Sleep–wake disturbances are common in post-COVID-19 syndrome but lack extensive objective characterization. This study evaluated sleep–wake patterns in 31 patients with post-COVID-19 syndrome referred for fatigue and excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS). Assessments included questionnaires (the fatigue severity scale, the Epworth sleepiness scale, and the Beck Depression Index-II), video polysomnography (V-PSG), the multiple sleep latency test (MSLT, n = 15), and actigraphy (n = 29). Patients (70% female, mean age 45 years) had mostly mild acute SARS-CoV-2 infections and were assessed a median of 31 weeks post-infection. Fatigue (fatigue severity scale, median 6.33), sleepiness (the Epworth sleepiness scale, median 15), and depression (Beck depression inventory-II, median 20) scores were elevated. V-PSG showed moderate sleep apnea in 35.5%, increased arousal index in 77.4%, and median sleep stage percentages of NREM1 (12%), NREM2 (37%), NREM3 (19%), and REM (15.8%). MSLT revealed only 13.3% with sleep latencies under 8 min and no sleep-onset REM periods. Actigraphy indicated increased inactivity index in 96.6%, with high variability in time in bed. These findings highlight a polysomnographic and actigraphic profile of increased arousal and clinophilia, alongside moderate sleep apnea and limited objective sleepiness on MSLT. Addressing these multifactorial sleep disturbances is crucial in managing post-COVID-19 syndrome. Full article

Background: Sleep disturbances are prevalent among stroke survivors, significantly impacting their recovery and quality of life. This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of sleep disorders, sleep quality, risk of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), and daytime sleepiness among stroke survivors and to identify potential associations with clinical and demographic factors. Materials and Methods: A retrospective observational study analyzed adult stroke survivors (aged ≥ 18 years) attending neurology clinics at our institution from November 2022 to November 2024. The primary outcome measures included overall sleep quality, sleep apnea and daytime sleepiness assessment. Data were collected using validated Arabic versions of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), STOP-Bang Questionnaire, and Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS). Statistical analyses, including Chi-square tests and t-tests, were performed using SPSS version 30.1. Results: A total of 100 stroke survivors, mostly aged 40–60 years, were recruited in our study. The prevalence of sleep disorders was 60.0%, with poor sleep quality reflected by a mean global PSQI score of 9.13 ± 14.40. Additionally, 19.0% were at high risk of OSA, and 24.0% experienced abnormal daytime sleepiness. While no statistically significant associations were found between sleep disorders and clinical or demographic factors, trends indicated higher sleep disorder prevalence in those with hemorrhagic stroke and high-risk OSA profiles. Conclusions: Our study highlights a high prevalence of sleep disorders among stroke survivors, emphasizing the need for regular sleep assessments. Future studies should explore objective assessments and larger sample sizes to validate these findings and to assess their potential implication in stroke recovery and quality of life. Full article

Introduction: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) has a severe impact on patients’ health and can lead to multiple complications. Material and methods: We analyzed the co-occurrence of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) in COPD patients hospitalized in the Pneumology Clinic of Târgu Mureș, Romania. Results: A total of 150 COPD patients were investigated by clinical examination, STOP-BANG and Epworth questionnaires, ventilatory polygraphy (PG), EKG, cardiac ultrasound, blood lipids, and sugar. Sixty-eight patients (45.3%) had OSA associated with COPD. A total of 61.7% were COPD gr. E, and 30.8% were gr. B. Frequently shown symptoms were snoring and nonrestorative sleep (100%), somnolence (73.5%), nocturnal awakenings (41.17%), morning headache (32.3%), and aggravated dyspnea. Types of OSA included obstructive (97.05%), central (2.5%), and associated obesity–hypoventilation (39.7%). A total of 76.4% were recently diagnosed with OSA. Men predominated at 70.5%, 76.4% were smokers, and 61.7% had experienced alcohol abuse. A total of 25% were overweight, and 71% had obesity. A total of 13.2% belonged to the category of 38–50-year-olds, 55.8% were in the 51–65-year-old category, 17.6% were in the 66–70-year-old category, and roughly 13.2% were in the 71-year-old category. Overlap syndrome (OS) comorbidities and complications were frequently present: 41% experienced respiratory failure, 66.1% experienced blood hypertension, 58.8% experienced ischemic cardiac disease, 32.35% experienced diabetes mellitus, 50% experienced dyslipidemia, and 29.4% experienced cor pulmonale. Conclusions: OS conferred gravity or directly contributed to cardiovascular, respiratory, and metabolic complications. OS was associated with more severe COPD and obesity. The prevalence of smoking in OS patients was higher than the national/European average. Full article