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Keywords = COTM

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23 pages, 5849 KiB  
Article
The Physical Properties of Surface Layer Thermally Modified Wood and Energy Consumption in the Preparation Process
by Jun Tang, Yisheng Xu, Jinrong He, Hui Peng, Zhu Li, Jiali Jiang, Tianyi Zhan and Jianxiong Lyu
Forests 2025, 16(3), 427; https://doi.org/10.3390/f16030427 - 26 Feb 2025
Viewed by 536
Abstract
Surface layer thermal modification (SLTM) not only improves the dimensional stability of wood but also effectively shortens production time. However, limited research has been conducted on how treatment conditions influence the properties of SLTM wood and energy consumption during the production process. This [...] Read more.
Surface layer thermal modification (SLTM) not only improves the dimensional stability of wood but also effectively shortens production time. However, limited research has been conducted on how treatment conditions influence the properties of SLTM wood and energy consumption during the production process. This study compared the physical properties of SLTM wood with conventional thermally modified (CoTM) wood treated at 185 °C, 200 °C, and 215 °C, as well as the energy consumption during processing. Samples were subjected to SLTM at three temperatures (185 °C, 200 °C, and 215 °C) two times (2 h and 3 h) and two target surface layer thicknesses (6 mm and 12 mm). The results showed SLTM improved dimensional stability, with the anti-swelling efficiency (ASE) after water absorption increasing by a maximum of 2.4 times compared to CoTM185-2h. Increases in treatment temperature, time, and target surface layer thickness all contributed to enhanced ASE. At 96% relative humidity, SLTM wood samples exhibited lower equilibrium moisture content (16.6% to 19.2%) than CoTM185-2h (19.5%). SLTM also reduced the total treatment time by 1.9 h to 10.8 h compared to CoTM treatments. SLTM demonstrated energy savings ranging from 215 kW∙h to 1567 kW∙h, resulting in a reduction in CO2 emissions by 73 kg to 729 kg per 1 m3 of processed wood. These findings suggest that SLTM provides a promising strategy for the energy-efficient utilization of plantation wood. Full article
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22 pages, 4119 KiB  
Review
Dual-Band Passive Beam Steering Antenna Technologies for Satellite Communication and Modern Wireless Systems: A Review
by Maira I. Nabeel, Khushboo Singh, Muhammad U. Afzal, Dushmantha N. Thalakotuna and Karu P. Esselle
Sensors 2024, 24(18), 6144; https://doi.org/10.3390/s24186144 - 23 Sep 2024
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3691
Abstract
Efficient beam steerable high-gain antennas enable high-speed data rates over long-distance networks, including wireless backhaul, satellite communications (SATCOM), and SATCOM On-the-Move. These characteristics are essential for advancing contemporary wireless communication networks, particularly within 5G and beyond. Various beam steering solutions have been proposed [...] Read more.
Efficient beam steerable high-gain antennas enable high-speed data rates over long-distance networks, including wireless backhaul, satellite communications (SATCOM), and SATCOM On-the-Move. These characteristics are essential for advancing contemporary wireless communication networks, particularly within 5G and beyond. Various beam steering solutions have been proposed in the literature, with passive beam steering mechanisms employing planar metasurfaces emerging as cost-effective, power-efficient, and compact options. These attributes make them well-suited for use in confined spaces, large-scale production and widespread distribution to meet the demands of the mass market. Utilizing a dual-band antenna terminal setup is often advantageous for full duplex communication in wireless systems. Therefore, this article presents a comprehensive review of the dual-band beam steering techniques for enabling full-duplex communication in modern wireless systems, highlighting their design methodologies, scanning mechanisms, physical characteristics, and constraints. Despite the advantages of planar metasurface-based beam steering solutions, the literature on dual-band beam steering antennas supporting full duplex communication is limited. This review article identifies research gaps and outlines future directions for developing economically feasible passive dual-band beam steering solutions for mass deployment. Full article
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16 pages, 9543 KiB  
Article
3D Phased Array Enabling Extended Field of View in Mobile Satcom Applications
by Federico Boulos, Georg Frederik Riemschneider and Stefano Caizzone
Electronics 2024, 13(2), 310; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13020310 - 10 Jan 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1511
Abstract
Satellite communication (satcom) is experiencing increased interest to cover the connectivity gaps of terrestrial networks. To ensure high performance and throughput for the user—and even more so in Communications-On-The-Move(COTM) systems, e.g., in aeronautics—steerable antennas such as phased arrays are required to adjust the [...] Read more.
Satellite communication (satcom) is experiencing increased interest to cover the connectivity gaps of terrestrial networks. To ensure high performance and throughput for the user—and even more so in Communications-On-The-Move(COTM) systems, e.g., in aeronautics—steerable antennas such as phased arrays are required to adjust the beam so as to follow the satellite’s trajectory. The mutual movement of terminals and satellite in COTM systems calls for a broad Field of View (FoV) and, hence, poses a challenge to common planar systems. For improving the FoV, common solutions require ad hoc designs, such as multi-mode antennas, wide half-power-beamwidth antennas or metasurfaces. By contrast, 3D arrays are able to cover a wider angular region by the 3D allocation of the antennas. In this paper, the benefits and drawbacks of moving from 2D (planar) arrays to 3D phased arrays are investigated. Multiple geometrical configurations are analyzed, keeping in mind the size requirements of aeronautic terminals. The best configuration is, hence, an array capable of enhancing the FoV of the terminal. The proposed antenna architecture offers a good trade-off between design complexity and performance, and it could be further developed to become an aeronautic-grade terminal aperture. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Antenna Technologies for B5G and 6G Applications)
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