Sign in to use this feature.

Years

Between: -

Subjects

remove_circle_outline
remove_circle_outline
remove_circle_outline

Journals

Article Types

Countries / Regions

Search Results (8)

Search Parameters:
Keywords = BESS degradation test

Order results
Result details
Results per page
Select all
Export citation of selected articles as:
15 pages, 1224 KiB  
Article
Degradation-Aware Bi-Level Optimization of Second-Life Battery Energy Storage System Considering Demand Charge Reduction
by Ali Hassan, Guilherme Vieira Hollweg, Wencong Su, Xuan Zhou and Mengqi Wang
Energies 2025, 18(15), 3894; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18153894 - 22 Jul 2025
Viewed by 278
Abstract
Many electric vehicle (EV) batteries will retire in the next 5–10 years around the globe. These batteries are retired when no longer suitable for energy-intensive EV operations despite having 70–80% capacity left. The second-life use of these battery packs has the potential to [...] Read more.
Many electric vehicle (EV) batteries will retire in the next 5–10 years around the globe. These batteries are retired when no longer suitable for energy-intensive EV operations despite having 70–80% capacity left. The second-life use of these battery packs has the potential to address the increasing demand for battery energy storage systems (BESSs) for the electric grid, which will also create a robust circular economy for EV batteries. This article proposes a two-layered energy management algorithm (monthly layer and daily layer) for demand charge reduction for an industrial consumer using photovoltaic (PV) panels and BESSs made of retired EV batteries. In the proposed algorithm, the monthly layer (ML) calculates the optimal dispatch for the whole month and feeds the output to the daily layer (DL), which optimizes the BESS dispatch, BESSs’ degradation, and energy imported/exported from/to the grid. The effectiveness of the proposed algorithm is tested as a case study of an industrial load using a real-world demand charge and Real-Time Pricing (RTP) tariff. Compared with energy management with no consideration of degradation or demand charge reduction, this algorithm results in 71% less degradation of BESS and 57.3% demand charge reduction for the industrial consumer. Full article
Show Figures

Figure 1

14 pages, 620 KiB  
Article
Novel Test Procedure for Assessing Lead–Acid Batteries for Partial-State-of-Charge Duty Using Internal Resistance Charge Acceptance Technique
by Max Parker and Richard McMahon
Batteries 2025, 11(4), 131; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries11040131 - 28 Mar 2025
Viewed by 1015
Abstract
Battery energy storage systems (BESSs) are often used in partial-state-of-charge (PSOC) operation due to the desire for flexibility of charge and discharge. Lead–acid batteries are a good candidate to be used in battery energy storage due to their safety, recyclability, and long cycle [...] Read more.
Battery energy storage systems (BESSs) are often used in partial-state-of-charge (PSOC) operation due to the desire for flexibility of charge and discharge. Lead–acid batteries are a good candidate to be used in battery energy storage due to their safety, recyclability, and long cycle life; however, the correct battery, cell, and regime should be chosen to ensure effective use. Manufacturers rarely publish data on PSOC performance of their batteries. During PSOC use, the charge acceptance of lead–acid batteries reduces both reversibly and, sometimes, irreversibly as the battery is cycled. Typical dynamic charge acceptance tests target the performance required in car batteries and do not adequately demonstrate the charge acceptance expected in BESS use. This paper demonstrates a representative charge acceptance degradation test which far more closely replicates the charge acceptance degradation seen in real-world PSOC BESS use using partial state of charge, coulomb control, and a charge-factor-controlled full charge. Full charges are shown to reverse the internal resistance associated with partial-state-of-charge operation. This is the case in the Leoch lead–carbon cells and 12 V battery tested. This shows that partial-state-of-charge operation degrades the charge acceptance and increases the internal resistance of a lead–acid battery, although with a charge-factor-based full-charge approach, the charge acceptance could be reset to baseline. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Aqueous Batteries)
Show Figures

Figure 1

22 pages, 5886 KiB  
Article
Optimal Placement and Sizing of Battery Energy Storage Systems for Improvement of System Frequency Stability
by Amrit Parajuli, Samundra Gurung and Kamal Chapagain
Electricity 2024, 5(3), 662-683; https://doi.org/10.3390/electricity5030033 - 13 Sep 2024
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3877
Abstract
Modern power systems are growing in complexity due to the installation of large generators, long transmission lines, the addition of inertialess renewable energy resources (RESs) with zero inertia, etc., which can all severely degrade the system frequency stability. This can lead to under-/over-frequency [...] Read more.
Modern power systems are growing in complexity due to the installation of large generators, long transmission lines, the addition of inertialess renewable energy resources (RESs) with zero inertia, etc., which can all severely degrade the system frequency stability. This can lead to under-/over-frequency load shedding, damage to turbine blades, and affect frequency-sensitive loads. In this study, we propose a methodology to improve the two critical frequency stability indices, i.e., the frequency nadir and the rate of change of frequency (RoCoF), by formulating an optimization problem. The size and placement location of battery energy storage systems (BESSs) are considered to be the constraints for the proposed optimization problem. Thereafter, the optimization problem is solved using the three metaheuristic optimization algorithms: the particle swarm optimization, firefly, and bat algorithm. The best performing algorithm is then selected to find the optimal sizing and placement location of the BESSs. The analyses are all performed on the IEEE 9-bus and IEEE 39-bus test systems. Several scenarios which consider multiple generator outages, increased/decreased loading conditions, and the addition of RESs are also considered for both test systems in this study. The obtained results show that under all scenarios, the proposed method can enhance system frequency compared to the existing method and without BESSs. The proposed method can be easily upscaled for a larger electrical network for obtaining the optimized BESS size and location for the improvement of the system frequency stability. Full article
Show Figures

Figure 1

11 pages, 321 KiB  
Article
Investigations into the Charge Times of Lead–Acid Cells under Different Partial-State-of-Charge Regimes
by Max Parker and Richard McMahon
Batteries 2024, 10(6), 201; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries10060201 - 11 Jun 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2421
Abstract
Partial state of charge (PSOC) is an important use case for lead–acid batteries. Charging times in lead–acid cells and batteries can be variable, and when used in PSOC operation, the manufacturer’s recommended charge times for single-cycle use are not necessarily applicable. Knowing how [...] Read more.
Partial state of charge (PSOC) is an important use case for lead–acid batteries. Charging times in lead–acid cells and batteries can be variable, and when used in PSOC operation, the manufacturer’s recommended charge times for single-cycle use are not necessarily applicable. Knowing how long charging will take and what the variability in time required is allows for better planning of operations and algorithm creation for battery energy storage system (BESS) manufacturers. This paper details and demonstrates a procedure for identifying the charging time of cells when different charge throughputs occur prior to reaching full charge. The results showed that the charging time in PSOC operations was highly variable when a charge-factor-controlled full-charge procedure was used. Also noted were that higher voltages for the same state of charge were reached as the number of cycles following reaching full charge increased. None of the regimes tested in this paper caused any significant capacity degradation, which demonstrates that PSOC operations can be performed even on cells not specifically designed for them, provided the correct regime is chosen. Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Battery Design and Management)
Show Figures

Figure 1

26 pages, 3193 KiB  
Review
A Review on Testing of Electrochemical Cells for Aging Models in BESS
by Mehrshad Pakjoo, Luigi Piegari, Giuliano Rancilio, Silvia Colnago, Joseph Epoupa Mengou, Federico Bresciani, Giacomo Gorni, Stefano Mandelli and Marco Merlo
Energies 2023, 16(19), 6887; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16196887 - 29 Sep 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1952
Abstract
The use of electrochemical cells is becoming more widespread, especially in the energy industry and battery energy storage systems (BESSs). As we continue to deploy BESSs, it becomes increasingly important for us to understand how these systems age and accurately predict their performance [...] Read more.
The use of electrochemical cells is becoming more widespread, especially in the energy industry and battery energy storage systems (BESSs). As we continue to deploy BESSs, it becomes increasingly important for us to understand how these systems age and accurately predict their performance over time. This knowledge is essential for ensuring that the systems operate optimally and can be properly maintained. Since the structure of a BESS is different from a single electrochemical cell, the existing models at the cell level cannot predict and estimate the life of the BESS with suitable accuracy. Furthermore, the test protocols available at the cell level mostly cannot be executed at the BESS level for many reasons. Therefore, in this paper, a review of test protocols for building aging models for BESSs has been performed. After reviewing the protocols for a single electrochemical cell and addressing the differences between BESSs and cells, a review of the works performed on a larger scale has been carried out, and the possible ways for testing the BESS for aging models were investigated. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section D2: Electrochem: Batteries, Fuel Cells, Capacitors)
Show Figures

Figure 1

19 pages, 5118 KiB  
Article
Improving the Battery Energy Storage System Performance in Peak Load Shaving Applications
by Anderson V. Rocha, Thales A. C. Maia and Braz J. C. Filho
Energies 2023, 16(1), 382; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16010382 - 29 Dec 2022
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 4586
Abstract
Peak load shaving using energy storage systems has been the preferred approach to smooth the electricity load curve of consumers from different sectors around the world. These systems store energy during off-peak hours, releasing it for usage during high consumption periods. Most of [...] Read more.
Peak load shaving using energy storage systems has been the preferred approach to smooth the electricity load curve of consumers from different sectors around the world. These systems store energy during off-peak hours, releasing it for usage during high consumption periods. Most of the current solutions use solar energy as a power source and chemical batteries as energy storage elements. Despite the clear benefits of this strategy, the service life of the battery energy storage system (BESS) is a driving factor for economic feasibility. The present research work proposes the use of storage systems based on actively connected batteries with power electronics support. The proposed scheme allows the individualized control of the power flow, enabling the use of batteries with different ages, technologies or degradation states in a same BESS. The presented results show that overcoming inherent limitations found in passively connected battery banks makes it possible to extend the system’s useful life and the total amount of dispatched energy by more than 50%. Experimental tests on a bench prototype with electronified batteries are carried out to proof the central concept of the proposed solution. Computational simulations using collected data from a photovoltaic plant support the conclusions and discussions on the achieved benefits. Full article
Show Figures

Figure 1

21 pages, 6039 KiB  
Article
Maximum Utilization of Dynamic Rating Operated Distribution Transformer (DRoDT) with Battery Energy Storage System: Analysis on Impact from Battery Electric Vehicles Charging
by Saifal Talpur, Tek Tjing Lie, Ramon Zamora and Bhaba Priyo Das
Energies 2020, 13(13), 3411; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13133411 - 2 Jul 2020
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2763
Abstract
This paper investigates thermal overloading, voltage dips and insulation failure across a distribution transformer (DT), under residential and battery electric vehicle (BEV) loadings. The objective of this paper is to discuss the charging impact of BEVs on voltage across consumer-service points, as well [...] Read more.
This paper investigates thermal overloading, voltage dips and insulation failure across a distribution transformer (DT), under residential and battery electric vehicle (BEV) loadings. The objective of this paper is to discuss the charging impact of BEVs on voltage across consumer-service points, as well as across the life of paper insulation under varying ambient temperatures (during winter and summer), with and without a centralized battery energy storage system (BESS). This study contributes in two ways. The first part of this study deals with coordinated and uncoordinated BEV charging scenarios. The second part of this study deals with maximum utilization of a test DT rated under dynamic thermal rating (DRoDT). The DRoDT integration with BESS is carried out to flatten the load spikes, to obtain maximum DT utilization, to achieve active power and voltage supports in addition to an enhanced DT lifespan. The obtained results indicate that, when test DT operates under the proposed hybrid technique (combining both dynamic transformer ratings and a centralized BESS), it attains maximum utilization, lower hot-spot temperature, enhanced lifespan, less degraded paper insulation and an improved voltage across each consumer service point. The proposed technique is furthermore found effective in maintaining the loading across the distribution transformer within the nominal limits. However, under excess loading during peak hours, the proposed technique provides relief to the DT to a certain extent. To achieve an optimal DT operation and an enhanced BESS lifespan, the BESS is operated under nominal charging and discharging cyclic limits. Under the proposed DRoDT integration with BESS, DT attains 25.9% more life when loaded with coordinated BEV charging, in comparison to no BESS integration under the same loading scenario. The worst loading due to uncoordinated BEV charging also brings 51% increase in DT life when loaded under the proposed technique. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy Storage for Grid Integration of Renewable Energy)
Show Figures

Graphical abstract

17 pages, 2238 KiB  
Article
Aging Cost Optimization for Planning and Management of Energy Storage Systems
by Saman Korjani, Mario Mureddu, Angelo Facchini and Alfonso Damiano
Energies 2017, 10(11), 1916; https://doi.org/10.3390/en10111916 - 21 Nov 2017
Cited by 18 | Viewed by 4580
Abstract
In recent years, many studies have proposed the use of energy storage systems (ESSs) for the mitigation of renewable energy source (RES) intermittent power output. However, the correct estimation of the ESS degradation costs is still an open issue, due to the difficult [...] Read more.
In recent years, many studies have proposed the use of energy storage systems (ESSs) for the mitigation of renewable energy source (RES) intermittent power output. However, the correct estimation of the ESS degradation costs is still an open issue, due to the difficult estimation of their aging in the presence of intermittent power inputs. This is particularly true for battery ESSs (BESSs), which have been proven to exhibit complex aging functions. Unfortunately, this collides with considering aging costs when performing ESS planning and management procedures, which are crucial for the exploitation of this technology. In order to overcome this issue, this paper presents the genetic algorithm-based multi-period optimal power flow (GA-MPOPF) procedure, which aims to economically optimize the management of ESSs by taking into account their degradation costs. The proposed methodology has been tested in two different applications: the planning of the correct positioning of a Li-ion BESS in the PG& E 69 bus network in the presence of high RES penetration, and the definition of its management strategy. Simulation results show that GA-MPOPF is able to optimize the ESS usage for time scales of up to one month, even for complex operative costs functions, showing at the same time excellent convergence properties. Full article
Show Figures

Figure 1

Back to TopTop