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Keywords = American sycamore

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15 pages, 4379 KiB  
Article
Herbicide Uptake (Flashback) in Non-Target Hardwood Species within South Carolina Floodplains
by Stephen E. Peairs and Nilesh Timilsina
Forests 2024, 15(8), 1307; https://doi.org/10.3390/f15081307 - 26 Jul 2024
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1170
Abstract
Herbicide flashback is an undesirable response that results in damage or mortality of non-target plants near chemically treated plants. In severe instances, crop trees can be injured resulting in financial loss or inability to capture management objectives. Land managers need to know the [...] Read more.
Herbicide flashback is an undesirable response that results in damage or mortality of non-target plants near chemically treated plants. In severe instances, crop trees can be injured resulting in financial loss or inability to capture management objectives. Land managers need to know the potential limitations of using triclopyr acid (50% solution in water) and what quantity can cause damage to non-target trees (trees not aimed at for control via herbicide). Three naturally regenerated (previously clearcut) bottomland hardwood sites, ranging from 14–20 years of age, received partial overstory deadening using Trycera® herbicide. Residual “leave” trees experienced indirect herbicide uptake resulting in some trees either experiencing mortality or partial mortality with top dieback/epicormic branching. An increased probability of damage occurred as tree diameter decreased and the number of treated stems around the non-target stems increased. American sycamore, green ash, and sweetgum were most susceptible to flashback. This study examines the unanticipated chemical effect of deadening adjacent stems surrounding residual leave trees in poorly drained soils. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Forest Ecology and Management)
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20 pages, 5038 KiB  
Article
Active Remote Sensing Assessment of Biomass Productivity and Canopy Structure of Short-Rotation Coppice American Sycamore (Platanus occidentalis L.)
by Omoyemeh Jennifer Ukachukwu, Lindsey Smart, Justyna Jeziorska, Helena Mitasova and John S. King
Remote Sens. 2024, 16(14), 2589; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16142589 - 15 Jul 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1315
Abstract
The short-rotation coppice (SRC) culture of trees provides a sustainable form of renewable biomass energy, while simultaneously sequestering carbon and contributing to the regional carbon feedstock balance. To understand the role of SRC in carbon feedstock balances, field inventories with selective destructive tree [...] Read more.
The short-rotation coppice (SRC) culture of trees provides a sustainable form of renewable biomass energy, while simultaneously sequestering carbon and contributing to the regional carbon feedstock balance. To understand the role of SRC in carbon feedstock balances, field inventories with selective destructive tree sampling are commonly used to estimate aboveground biomass (AGB) and canopy structure dynamics. However, these methods are resource intensive and spatially limited. To address these constraints, we examined the utility of publicly available airborne Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) data and easily accessible imagery from Unmanned Aerial Systems (UASs) to estimate the AGB and canopy structure of an American sycamore SRC in the piedmont region of North Carolina, USA. We compared LiDAR-derived AGB estimates to field estimates from 2015, and UAS-derived AGB estimates to field estimates from 2022 across four planting densities (10,000, 5000, 2500, and 1250 trees per hectare (tph)). The results showed significant effects of planting density treatments on LIDAR- and UAS-derived canopy metrics and significant relationships between these canopy metrics and AGB. In the 10,000 tph, the field-estimated AGB in 2015 (7.00 ± 1.56 Mg ha−1) and LiDAR-derived AGB (7.19 ± 0.13 Mg ha−1) were comparable. On the other hand, the UAS-derived AGB was overestimated in the 10,000 tph planting density and underestimated in the 1250 tph compared to the 2022 field-estimated AGB. This study demonstrates that the remote sensing-derived estimates are within an acceptable level of error for biomass estimation when compared to precise field estimates, thereby showing the potential for increasing the use of accessible remote-sensing technology to estimate AGB of SRC plantations. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Forest Remote Sensing)
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12 pages, 2334 KiB  
Article
CentralBark Image Dataset and Tree Species Classification Using Deep Learning
by Charles Warner, Fanyou Wu, Rado Gazo, Bedrich Benes, Nicole Kong and Songlin Fei
Algorithms 2024, 17(5), 179; https://doi.org/10.3390/a17050179 - 27 Apr 2024
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 4435
Abstract
The task of tree species classification through deep learning has been challenging for the forestry community, and the lack of standardized datasets has hindered further progress. Our work presents a solution in the form of a large bark image dataset called CentralBark, which [...] Read more.
The task of tree species classification through deep learning has been challenging for the forestry community, and the lack of standardized datasets has hindered further progress. Our work presents a solution in the form of a large bark image dataset called CentralBark, which enhances the deep learning-based tree species classification. Additionally, we have laid out an efficient and repeatable data collection protocol to assist future works in an organized manner. The dataset contains images of 25 central hardwood and Appalachian region tree species, with over 19,000 images of varying diameters, light, and moisture conditions. We tested 25 species: elm, oak, American basswood, American beech, American elm, American sycamore, bitternut hickory, black cherry, black locust, black oak, black walnut, eastern cottonwood, hackberry, honey locust, northern red oak, Ohio buckeye, Osage-orange, pignut hickory, sassafras, shagbark hickory silver maple, slippery elm, sugar maple, sweetgum, white ash, white oak, and yellow poplar. Our experiment involved testing three different models to assess the feasibility of species classification using unaltered and uncropped images during the species-classification training process. We achieved an overall accuracy of 83.21% using the EfficientNet-b3 model, which was the best of the three models (EfficientNet-b3, ResNet-50, and MobileNet-V3-small), and an average accuracy of 80.23%. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Algorithms for Computer Vision Applications)
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19 pages, 2857 KiB  
Article
Effects of Flooding and Shade on Survival, Growth, and Leaf Gas Exchange of Bottomland Tree Species across the Great Lakes Region (USA)
by Gwendolen J. Keller, Dustin Bronson, Robert A. Slesak and Marcella A. Windmuller-Campione
Forests 2024, 15(3), 530; https://doi.org/10.3390/f15030530 - 13 Mar 2024
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1614
Abstract
Forested wetlands are common ecosystems within the Great Lakes region (Michigan, Minnesota, and Wisconsin), USA. Projected increases in extreme flooding events and shifting disturbance regimes create challenges for tree regeneration. Forest managers are considering the use of enrichment planting to increase tree species [...] Read more.
Forested wetlands are common ecosystems within the Great Lakes region (Michigan, Minnesota, and Wisconsin), USA. Projected increases in extreme flooding events and shifting disturbance regimes create challenges for tree regeneration. Forest managers are considering the use of enrichment planting to increase tree species diversity, but limited information is available that quantifies the interactions between the flooding and shade tolerances of candidate tree species. We used a microcosm experiment to manipulate shade and flooding conditions to determine the effects on early survival, growth, and leaf gas exchange of 23 different tree species that vary in shade and flood tolerance. Seedlings were planted in pots and placed in 227 L tanks that were randomly assigned to light reduction (full sun, 40% and 70% reduced sunlight) and flood treatments (water levels of 0, 14, or 27 cm below the soil surface). In general, flooding treatments had a greater influence on seedling growth and leaf gas exchange rates than light reduction treatments. Of the species studied, bald cypress (Taxodium distichum (L.) Rich.) was the most flood-tolerant, but American sycamore (Platanus occidentalis L.) and river birch (Betula nigra L.) were also highly tolerant of flooding conditions throughout the entire growing season. The flood tolerances of the remaining species varied, but none were tolerant of water table depths within 14 cm of the soil surface for the entire growing season. Most species did not respond to the shade treatments in terms of early growth, survival, and leaf gas exchange. When considering species for planting in forested wetlands, matching the flood tolerance of candidate species to local site hydrology is an important step. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Forest Ecology and Management)
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17 pages, 3806 KiB  
Article
Environmental and Plant-Derived Controls on the Seasonality and Partitioning of Soil Respiration in an American Sycamore (Platanus occidentalis) Bioenergy Plantation Grown at Different Planting Densities
by Suna Morkoc, Maricar Aguilos, Asko Noormets, Kevan J. Minick, Omoyemeh Ile, David A. Dickey, Deanna Hardesty, Maccoy Kerrigan, Joshua Heitman and John King
Forests 2022, 13(8), 1286; https://doi.org/10.3390/f13081286 - 14 Aug 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2253
Abstract
Bioenergy is one of the most considered alternatives to fossil fuels. Short-rotation woody crops (SRWCs) as bioenergy sources are capable of alleviating energy constraints and sequestering atmospheric CO2. However, studies investigating soil carbon (C) dynamics at SWRC plantations are scarce. We [...] Read more.
Bioenergy is one of the most considered alternatives to fossil fuels. Short-rotation woody crops (SRWCs) as bioenergy sources are capable of alleviating energy constraints and sequestering atmospheric CO2. However, studies investigating soil carbon (C) dynamics at SWRC plantations are scarce. We studied American sycamore (Platanus occidentalis) as a model tree species for SRWC at different planting densities ((1) 0.5 × 2.0 m (10,000 trees·ha−1 or tph), (2) 1.0 × 2.0 m (5000 tph), and (3) 2.0 × 2.0 m (2500 tph)) to examine seasonal variation in total soil respiration (Rtotal), partitioned into heterotrophic (Rh) and autotrophic (Ra) respiration, and we evaluated climatic and biological controls on soil respiration. Rtotal and Rh exhibited larger seasonal variation than Ra (p < 0.05). During the nongrowing seasons, the average Rtotal was 0.60 ± 0.21 g·C·m−2·day−1 in winter and 1.41 ± 0.73 g·C·m−2·day−1 in fall. During the growing season, Rtotal was 2–7 times higher in spring (3.49 ± 1.44 g·C·m−2·day−1) and summer (4.01 ± 1.17 g·C·m−2·day−1) than winter. Average Rtotal was 2.30 ± 0.63 g·C·m−2·day−1 in 2500 tph, 2.43 ± 0.64 g·C·m−2·day−1 in 5000 tph, and 2.41 ± 0.75 g·C·m−2·day−1 in 10,000 tph treatments. Average Rh was 1.72 ± 0.40 g·C·m−2·day−1 in 2500 tph, 1.57 ± 0.39 g·C·m−2·day−1 in 5000 tph, and 1.93 ± 0.64 g·C·m−2·day−1 in 10,000 tph, whereas Ra had the lowest rates, with 0.59 ± 0.53 g·C·m−2·day−1 in 2500 tph, 0.86 ± 0.51 g·C·m−2·d−1 in 5000 tph, and 0.48 ± 0.34 g·C·m−2·day−1 in 10,000 tph treatments. Rh had a greater contribution to Rtotal (63%–80%) compared to Ra (20%–37%). Soil temperature was highly correlated to Rtotal (R2 = 0.92) and Rh (R2 = 0.77), while the correlation to Ra was weak (R2 = 0.21). Rtotal, Rh, and Ra significantly declined with soil water content extremes (e.g., <20% or >50%). Total root biomass in winter (469 ± 127 g·C·m−2) was smaller than in summer (616 ± 161 g·C·m−2), and the relationship of total root biomass to Rtotal, Rh, and Ra was only significant during the growing seasons (R2 = 0.12 to 0.50). The litterfall in 5000 tph (121 ± 16 g DW·m−2) did not differ (p > 0.05) from the 2500 tph (108 ± 16 g DW·m−2) or 10,000 tph (132 ± 16 g DW·m−2) treatments. In no circumstances were Rtotal, Rh, and Ra significantly correlated with litterfall amount across planting densities and seasons (p > 0.05). Overall, our results show that Rtotal in American sycamore SRWC is dominated by the heterotrophic component (Rh), is strongly correlated to soil environmental conditions, and can be minimized by planting at a certain tree density (5000 tph). Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multiple-Use and Ecosystem Services of Forests)
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15 pages, 2069 KiB  
Article
Longer mtDNA Fragments Provide a Better Insight into the Genetic Diversity of the Sycamore Lace Bug, Corythucha ciliata (Say, 1832) (Tingidae, Hemiptera), Both in Its Native and Invaded Areas
by Ferenc Lakatos, Katalin Tuba, Boglárka Bender, Hisashi Kajimura and Viktória Tóth
Insects 2022, 13(2), 123; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects13020123 - 25 Jan 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 4017
Abstract
The sycamore lace bug (Corythucha ciliata Say, 1832) is of North American origin, but after its introduction to Europe (1964), South America (1985), Asia (1995), Australia (2006), and Africa (2014), it became an abundant and widespread pest on plane (Platanus spp.) [...] Read more.
The sycamore lace bug (Corythucha ciliata Say, 1832) is of North American origin, but after its introduction to Europe (1964), South America (1985), Asia (1995), Australia (2006), and Africa (2014), it became an abundant and widespread pest on plane (Platanus spp.) trees. We analysed a 1356 bp long fragment of the mtDNA (COI gene) of 327 sycamore lace bug individuals from 38 geographic locations from Europe, Asia, and North America. Seventeen haplotypes (17 HTs) were detected. C. ciliata populations from North America exhibited higher haplotype diversity (12 HTs) than populations from Europe (6 HTs), Asia (4 HTs), or Japan (2 HTs). The haplotypes formed two haplogroups separated by at least seven mutation steps. One of these mutation steps includes HTs from North America and Japan. Another includes HTs from North America, Europe, and Asia. Haplotypes from Asia Minor, the Caucasus, and Central Asia are linked to haplotypes from Europe, while haplotypes found in Japan are linked to haplotypes found in North America only. The incorporation of published data from the GenBank into our dataset (altogether 517 individuals from 57 locations, but only 546 bp long fragment of the mtDNA) did not show any structure according to the geographic origin of the individuals. Full article
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9 pages, 1512 KiB  
Communication
Confronting the Issue of Invasive Native Tree Species Due to Land Use Change in the Eastern United States
by Brice B. Hanberry
Land 2022, 11(2), 161; https://doi.org/10.3390/land11020161 - 20 Jan 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3046
Abstract
The increased abundance of historically rare native tree species is symptomatic of land-use change, which causes ecosystem regime shifts. I tested for an association between mean agricultural area, a proxy for land-use change, and native tree species. I first modeled agricultural area during [...] Read more.
The increased abundance of historically rare native tree species is symptomatic of land-use change, which causes ecosystem regime shifts. I tested for an association between mean agricultural area, a proxy for land-use change, and native tree species. I first modeled agricultural area during the years 1850 to 1997 and the historical and current percent composition of tree genera, along with the dissimilarity and difference between the historical and current composition, for the northern part of the eastern U.S. I then modeled agricultural area and current genera and species for the eastern U.S. and regionally. For the northeast, agricultural area was most associated (R2 of 78%) with the current percentage of elms and a diverse, uncommon “other” genera. For the eastern U.S., Ulmus, Juglans, Prunus, boxelder (Acer negundo), black cherry (Prunus serotina), and hackberry (Celtis occidentalis) best predicted agricultural area (R2 of 66%). Regionally, two elm and ash species, black walnut (Juglans nigra), mockernut hickory (Carya tomentosa), red maple (Acer rubrum), sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua), and American sycamore (Platanus occidentalis) increased with agricultural area. Increases in historically rare and diverse species associated with agricultural area represent an overall pattern of invasive native tree species that have replaced historical ecosystems after land-use change disrupted historical vegetation and disturbance regimes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Land: 10th Anniversary)
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17 pages, 22928 KiB  
Article
Root Biomass Distribution and Soil Physical Properties of Short-Rotation Coppice American Sycamore (Platanus occidentalis L.) Grown at Different Planting Densities
by Omoyemeh Jennifer Ile, Maricar Aguilos, Suna Morkoc, Joshua Heitman and John S. King
Forests 2021, 12(12), 1806; https://doi.org/10.3390/f12121806 - 20 Dec 2021
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 3778
Abstract
Short rotation woody crops (SRWCs) provide sustainable, renewable biomass energy and offer potential ecosystem services, including increased carbon storage, reduced greenhouse gas emissions, and improved soil health. Establishing SRWCs on degraded lands has potential to enhance soil properties through root and organic matter [...] Read more.
Short rotation woody crops (SRWCs) provide sustainable, renewable biomass energy and offer potential ecosystem services, including increased carbon storage, reduced greenhouse gas emissions, and improved soil health. Establishing SRWCs on degraded lands has potential to enhance soil properties through root and organic matter turnover. A better understanding of SRWC planting density and its associated root turnover impacts on soil–air–water relations can improve management. In this study, we investigate the effects of planting density for a low-input American sycamore SRWC (no fertilization/irrigation) on soil physical properties for a degraded agricultural site in the North Carolina piedmont. The objectives were (1) to estimate the distributions of coarse and fine root biomass in three planting densities (10,000, 5000, and 2500 trees per hectare (tph)) and (2) to assess the effects of planting density on soil hydraulic properties and pore size distribution. Our results show that planting at 10,000 tph produced significantly higher amounts of fine root biomass than at lower planting densities (p < 0.01). In the 25,000 tph plots, there was significantly higher amounts of coarse root biomass than for higher planting densities (p < 0.05). The 10,000 tph plots had lower plant available water capacity but larger drainable porosity and saturated hydraulic conductivity compared with lower planting densities (<0.05). The 10,000 tph plots total porosity was more dominated by larger pore size fractions compared with the 5000 and 2500 tph. Generally, our findings show similar patterns of soil hydraulic properties and pore size distributions for lower planting densities. The results from 10,000 tph indicate a higher air-filled pore space at field capacity and more rapid drainage compared with lower planting densities. Both characteristics observed in the 10,000 tph are favorable for aeration and oxygen uptake, which are especially important at wet sites. Overall, the results suggest that improved soil health can be achieved from the establishment of American sycamore SRCs on marginal lands, thereby providing a green pathway to achieving environmental sustainability with woody renewable energy. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Forest Soil)
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14 pages, 1628 KiB  
Article
Effects of Mechanical Site Preparation, Planting Stock, and Planting Aids on the Survival and Growth of American Sycamore in a Marginal Old Field Riparian Restoration
by Jason K. Steele, Wallace Michael Aust and John R. Seiler
Forests 2021, 12(10), 1295; https://doi.org/10.3390/f12101295 - 22 Sep 2021
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1994
Abstract
Survival and growth of planted tree species are common indices used to evaluate success of wetland restoration efforts used to compensate for wetland losses. Restoration efforts on marginal agricultural lands have typically resulted in less than satisfactory survival and growth of desired tree [...] Read more.
Survival and growth of planted tree species are common indices used to evaluate success of wetland restoration efforts used to compensate for wetland losses. Restoration efforts on marginal agricultural lands have typically resulted in less than satisfactory survival and growth of desired tree species. In an attempt to determine the effects of bottomland hardwood silvicultural methods on the survival and growth of pioneer tree species, this study evaluated combinations of five mechanical site-preparation techniques (mound, bed, rip, disk, pit), four levels of planting stock (gallon, tubeling, bare root, and direct seed), and three planting aids (mat, tube, none) on the four-year survival and growth of American sycamore planted in an old field riparian area in the Piedmont of Virginia. After four growing seasons, results indicated that mounding mechanical site preparation combined with gallon (3.8 L) planting stock provided the most positive influences on mean survival (100%), height (4.72 m), and groundline diameter (9.52 cm), and resulted in the greatest aboveground dry biomass accumulation (5.44 Mg/ha/year). These treatments may be economically viable for restoration and mitigations efforts, and could offer other economic alternatives such as short-rotation woody crops, which might make restoration efforts in marginal old field areas more attractive to private landowners. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Forest Ecology and Management)
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15 pages, 2636 KiB  
Article
Morpho-Physio-Biochemical Attributes of Roadside Trees as Potential Tools for Biomonitoring of Air Quality and Environmental Health in Urban Areas
by Ha Na You, Myeong Ja Kwak, Sun Mi Je, Jong Kyu Lee, Yea Ji Lim, Handong Kim, Sanghee Park, Su Gyeong Jeong, Yun Soo Choi and Su Young Woo
Land 2021, 10(3), 236; https://doi.org/10.3390/land10030236 - 25 Feb 2021
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3192
Abstract
Environmental pollution is an important issue in metropolitan areas, and roadside trees are directly affected by various sources of pollution to which they exhibit numerous responses. The aim of the present study was to identify morpho-physio-biochemical attributes of maidenhair tree (Ginkgo biloba [...] Read more.
Environmental pollution is an important issue in metropolitan areas, and roadside trees are directly affected by various sources of pollution to which they exhibit numerous responses. The aim of the present study was to identify morpho-physio-biochemical attributes of maidenhair tree (Ginkgo biloba L.) and American sycamore (Platanus occidentalis L.) growing under two different air quality conditions (roadside with high air pollution, RH and roadside with low air pollution, RL) and to assess the possibility of using their physiological and biochemical parameters as biomonitoring tools in urban areas. The results showed that the photosynthetic rate, photosynthetic nitrogen-use efficiencies, and photochromic contents were generally low in RH in both G. biloba and P. occidentalis. However, water-use efficiency and leaf temperature showed high values in RH trees. Among biochemical parameters, in G. biloba, the lipid peroxide content was higher in RH than in RL trees, but in P. occidentalis, this content was lower in RH than in RL trees. In both species, physiological activities were low in trees planted in areas with high levels of air pollution, whereas their biochemical and morphological variables showed different responses to air pollution. Thus, we concluded that it is possible to determine species-specific physiological variables affected by regional differences of air pollution in urban areas, and these findings may be helpful for monitoring air quality and environmental health using trees. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Air Pollution in Urban Areas Impacts on Vegetation and Ecosystems)
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