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Journal = Immuno
Section = Immunopathology and Immunohistology

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12 pages, 4562 KiB  
Article
Human Gliomedin and Ryanodine 3 Type Receptor Is the Key to Explain the Guillain Barre Syndrome in SARS-CoV-2 and Others Bacterial Related to SARS-CoV-2 Postinfection? A Molecular Mimicry Point of View
by Gustavo Alberto Obando-Pereda and Luis Alberto Ponce-Soto
Immuno 2025, 5(3), 28; https://doi.org/10.3390/immuno5030028 - 17 Jul 2025
Viewed by 352
Abstract
Guillain-Barre syndrome is an autoimmune disease that provokes neural illness causing acute paralysis neuropathy. This syndrome appears after some bacterial infections produced by Campylobacter jejuni, Streptococcus pyogenes, S. pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenciae, E. coli and current studies showed the appears [...] Read more.
Guillain-Barre syndrome is an autoimmune disease that provokes neural illness causing acute paralysis neuropathy. This syndrome appears after some bacterial infections produced by Campylobacter jejuni, Streptococcus pyogenes, S. pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenciae, E. coli and current studies showed the appears of this syndrome after SARS-CoV-2 infection. In this study, a in silico analysis was carry out in which to determinate bacterial epitopes than produce the molecule mimicry phenomena and that can produce the immune system activation against this epitope. A conserved amino acid sequence has been encountered with the highest probability to activate the immune system against this bacterial epitope, human gliomedin and ryanodine 3 type receptor. More studies needed to demonstrate in vivo the molecular mimicry in Guillain-Barre syndrome patients. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Immunopathology and Immunohistology)
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9 pages, 638 KiB  
Review
Inflammatory Profile of Th9 Cells and Their Protective Potential in Helminth Infections
by Yvanna Louise Di Christine Oliveira, Yrna Lorena Matos de Oliveira, Tatyane Martins Cirilo, Ricardo Toshio Fujiwara, Lilian Lacerda Bueno and Silvio Santana Dolabella
Immuno 2023, 3(2), 228-236; https://doi.org/10.3390/immuno3020015 - 8 Jun 2023
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2487
Abstract
In terms of the global burden of disease, helminthiasis is the most common infectious disease in the world. In response to the disease, the human host develops an immunological response that occurs predominantly through the action of T helper 2 (Th2) cells and [...] Read more.
In terms of the global burden of disease, helminthiasis is the most common infectious disease in the world. In response to the disease, the human host develops an immunological response that occurs predominantly through the action of T helper 2 (Th2) cells and the interleukins IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13. However, other types of Th cells, such as Th9, are also involved in the defense against helminths, with the IL-9 produced by these cells promoting the induction of mastocytosis and the increased production of IgG1 and IgE, in addition to the increase in intestinal contractility that promotes the expulsion of worms. Together, IL-9 and IL-10, which is also produced by Th9, induce a type 2 inflammatory response characterized by the coordinated actions of innate lymphoid cells, mast cells, basophils and other cells that work together toward a single objective: the reduction of the parasitic burden. This review presents the latest findings on Th9 effector mechanisms in helminthic infections. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Immunopathology and Immunohistology)
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21 pages, 743 KiB  
Review
Clostridium perfringens-Induced Necrotic Diseases: An Overview
by Ying Fu, Tahrir Alenezi and Xiaolun Sun
Immuno 2022, 2(2), 387-407; https://doi.org/10.3390/immuno2020024 - 7 May 2022
Cited by 24 | Viewed by 17460
Abstract
Clostridium perfringens, a prevalent Gram-positive bacterium, causes necrotic diseases associated with abundant life loss and economic burdens of billions of USD. The mechanism of C. perfringens-induced necrotic diseases remains largely unknown, in part, because of the lack of effective animal models [...] Read more.
Clostridium perfringens, a prevalent Gram-positive bacterium, causes necrotic diseases associated with abundant life loss and economic burdens of billions of USD. The mechanism of C. perfringens-induced necrotic diseases remains largely unknown, in part, because of the lack of effective animal models and the presence of a large array of exotoxins and diverse disease manifestations from the skin and deep tissues to the gastrointestinal tract. In the light of the advancement of medical and veterinary research, a large body of knowledge is accumulating on the factors influencing C. perfringens-induced necrotic disease onset, development, and outcomes. Here, we present an overview of the key virulence factors of C. perfringens exotoxins. Subsequently, we focus on comprehensively reviewing C. perfringens-induced necrotic diseases such as myonecrosis, acute watery diarrhea, enteritis necroticans, preterm infant necrotizing enterocolitis, and chicken necrotic enteritis. We then review the current understanding on the mechanisms of myonecrosis and enteritis in relation to the immune system and intestinal microbiome. Based on these discussions, we then review current preventions and treatments of the necrotic diseases and propose potential new intervention options. The purpose of this review is to provide an updated and comprehensive knowledge on the role of the host–microbe interaction to develop new interventions against C. perfringens-induced necrotic diseases. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Immunopathology and Immunohistology)
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8 pages, 1490 KiB  
Review
Anti-Cancer Immune Reaction and Lymph Node Macrophage; A Review from Human and Animal Studies
by Yoshihiro Komohara, Toshiki Anami, Kenichi Asano, Yukio Fujiwara, Junji Yatsuda and Tomomi Kamba
Immuno 2021, 1(3), 223-230; https://doi.org/10.3390/immuno1030014 - 15 Jul 2021
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3815
Abstract
Lymph nodes are secondary lymphoid organs that appear as bean-like nodules usually <1 cm in size, and they are localized throughout the body. Many antigen-presenting cells such as dendritic cells and macrophages reside in lymph nodes, where they mediate host defense responses against [...] Read more.
Lymph nodes are secondary lymphoid organs that appear as bean-like nodules usually <1 cm in size, and they are localized throughout the body. Many antigen-presenting cells such as dendritic cells and macrophages reside in lymph nodes, where they mediate host defense responses against pathogens such as viruses and bacteria. In cancers, antigen-presenting cells induce cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) to react to cancer cell-derived antigens. Macrophages located in the lymph node sinus are of particular interest in relation to anti-cancer immune responses because many studies using both human specimens and animal models have suggested that lymph node macrophages expressing CD169 play a key role in activating anti-cancer CTLs. The regulation of lymph node macrophages therefore represents a potentially promising novel approach in anti-cancer therapy. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Immunopathology and Immunohistology)
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