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17 pages, 561 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Relationship between FDI Inflows and Export Performance: An Empirical Investigation by Considering Structural Breaks

by Sayed Farrukh Ahmed, A. K. M. Mohsin and Syed Far Abid Hossain

Economies 2023, 11(3), 73; https://doi.org/10.3390/economies11030073 - 22 Feb 2023

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 5540

The present study examines the relationship between FDI inflows and export performance in Bangladesh by considering the issue of structural breaks utilizing annual time-series data from 1972 to 2019. In the study, unit root tests were conducted without (ADF test and PP test) and with (ZA test and LP test) the presence of probable structural breaks in the dataset. A Johansen test of co-integration was employed to determine whether the variables were co-integrated. The VECM was used for determining the sources of causation and the directions of the causal relationships between the variables. Since all the variables were integrated of order one, I(1), with breaks (confirmed by ZA and LP unit root tests), a Johansen test of co-integration was applied to identify whether the variables were co-integrated. The results of the Johansen co-integration test confirmed that three variables (LRGDPGR, LRFDI, and LREX) have a long-run equilibrium relationship or cointegrating relation. Finally, the VECM suggests the evidence of a positive and unidirectional causal relation from REX to RFDI in Bangladesh. An important uniqueness of this study lies in its application of the methodological issues of incorporating structural breaks, which could have significant implications for investigating the said relationship. Full article

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11 pages, 338 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Coping with COVID-19: The Strategies Adapted by Pakistani Students to Overcome Implications

by Gul Muhammad Baloch, Kamilah Kamaludin, Karuthan Chinna, Sheela Sundarasen, Mohammad Nurunnabi, Heba Bakr Khoshaim, Syed Far Abid Hossain, Areej Al Sukayt and Laareb Gul Baloch

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(4), 1799; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18041799 - 12 Feb 2021

Cited by 21 | Viewed by 5287

Abstract

COVID-19 has speedily immersed the globe with 72+ million cases and 1.64 million deaths, in a span of around one year, disturbing and deteriorating almost every sphere of life. This study investigates how students in Pakistan have coped with the COVID-19. Zung’s self-rating anxiety scale (SAS) was used for measuring anxiety and the coping strategies were measured on four strategies i.e., seeking social support, humanitarian, acceptance, and mental disengagement. Among 494 respondents, 61% were females and 77.3% of the students were in the age group of 19–25 years. The study findings indicate that approximately 41 percent of students are experiencing some level of anxiety, including 16% with severe to extreme levels. Seeking social support seemed to be the least preferred coping strategy and that female students seek social support, humanitarian, and acceptance coping strategies more than males. Students used both emotion-based and problem-based coping strategies. The variables of gender, age, ethnicity, level and type of study, and living arrangement of the students were associated with usage of coping strategies. Findings showing that students do not prefer to seek social support. The study outcomes will provide basic data for university policies in Pakistan and the other countries with same cultural contexts to design and place better mental health provisions for students. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Global Health)

13 pages, 500 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Psychological Impact of COVID-19 and Lockdown among University Students in Malaysia: Implications and Policy Recommendations

by Sheela Sundarasen, Karuthan Chinna, Kamilah Kamaludin, Mohammad Nurunnabi, Gul Mohammad Baloch, Heba Bakr Khoshaim, Syed Far Abid Hossain and Areej Sukayt

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17(17), 6206; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17176206 - 27 Aug 2020

Cited by 449 | Viewed by 63417

Abstract

The COVID-19 pandemic and the lockdown has taken the world by storm. This study examines its impact on the anxiety level of university students in Malaysia during the peak of the crisis and the pertinent characteristics affecting their anxiety. A cross-sectional online survey, using Zung’s self-rating anxiety questionnaire was conducted during the COVID-19 pandemic and lockdown. Out of the 983 respondents, 20.4%, 6.6%, and 2.8% experienced minimal to moderate, marked to severe, and most extreme levels of anxiety. Female gender (OR = 21.456, 95% CI = 1.061, 1.998, p = 0.020), age below 18 years (OR = 4.147, 95% CI = 1.331, 12.918, p = 0.014), age 19 to 25 (OR = 3.398, 95% CI = 1.431, 8.066, p = 0.006), pre-university level of education (OR = 2.882, 95% CI = 1.212, 6.854, p = 0.017), management studies (OR = 2.278, 95% CI = 1.526, 3.399, p < 0.001), and staying alone (OR = 2.208, 95% CI = 1.127, 4.325, p = 0.021) were significantly associated with higher levels of anxiety. The main stressors include financial constraints, remote online teaching and uncertainty about the future with regard to academics and career. Stressors are predominantly financial constraints, remote online learning, and uncertainty related to their academic performance, and future career prospects. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Mental Health)

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