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Authors = Ramy Mawad ORCID = 0000-0003-4211-3903

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9 pages, 1692 KiB  
Article
The Variation of the X-ray Solar Flare’s Time Profile
by Ramy Mawad, Xenophon Moussas, Essam Ghamry and Hussein M. Farid
Universe 2022, 8(9), 471; https://doi.org/10.3390/universe8090471 - 8 Sep 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2117
Abstract
We have studied the variation of the time profile of X-ray emission of solar flares that occurred during the second half of solar cycle 23 (SC 23) and for about the full solar cycle 24 (SC 24) (2002–2018). We define a new index, [...] Read more.
We have studied the variation of the time profile of X-ray emission of solar flares that occurred during the second half of solar cycle 23 (SC 23) and for about the full solar cycle 24 (SC 24) (2002–2018). We define a new index, called the “ratio index” (Rf), for all X-ray solar flares. This index is defined as the ratio of the flare’s rising time interval by its total duration period. According to the ratio index, the X-ray solar flares are classified into two types: (1) sudden flares [Rf < 0.5], and (2) gradual flares [Rf > 0.5]. The sudden flare type, with fast-rising and slow recovery, is more common and represents most of the flares that happen most of the time during the solar cycles but are less common during the minimum solar activity years. On the other hand, the gradual flare type (or Rf > 0.5) is less common but predominates during the minimum solar activity epochs. Sudden flares tend to be strong, large, and numerous in the polar regions, while gradual flares are weak, short, and countable in the latitude range between 50 and 70, both for northern and southern latitudes. However, both types appear to happen in the lower latitudes and the solar equatorial regions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Space Science)
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12 pages, 7921 KiB  
Article
The Simultaneous Influence of the Solar Wind and Earth’s Magnetic Field on the Weather
by Ramy Mawad, Mahmoud Fathy and Essam Ghamry
Universe 2022, 8(8), 424; https://doi.org/10.3390/universe8080424 - 17 Aug 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 4515
Abstract
The correlation between simultaneous observations of the atmospheric weather and geomagnetic field has been studied during the period 1999–2021. We found that there is a strong correlation between atmospheric weather and the geomagnetic field. This correlation is lower at the Earth’s surface, due [...] Read more.
The correlation between simultaneous observations of the atmospheric weather and geomagnetic field has been studied during the period 1999–2021. We found that there is a strong correlation between atmospheric weather and the geomagnetic field. This correlation is lower at the Earth’s surface, due to the strong influence of the source of the magnetic field coming from the core of the Earth. In contrast, when we move towards the outer magnetosphere, the interaction between weather and the magnetic field strength is stronger. This indicates that the weather and external magnetic field could play an important role in the variations of the atmospheric weather parameters. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Space Science)
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11 pages, 2236 KiB  
Article
The Impact of Coronal Mass Ejections on the Seasonal Variation of the Ionospheric Critical Frequency f0F2
by Hussein M. Farid, Ramy Mawad, Essam Ghamry and Akimasa Yoshikawa
Universe 2020, 6(11), 200; https://doi.org/10.3390/universe6110200 - 30 Oct 2020
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2777
Abstract
We investigated the relations between the monthly average values of the critical frequency (f0F2) and the physical properties of the coronal mass ejections (CMEs), then we examined the seasonal variation of f0F2 values as an impact of the [...] Read more.
We investigated the relations between the monthly average values of the critical frequency (f0F2) and the physical properties of the coronal mass ejections (CMEs), then we examined the seasonal variation of f0F2 values as an impact of the several CMEs properties. Given that, f0F2 were detected by PRJ18 (Puerto Rico) ionosonde station during the period 1996–2013. We found that the monthly average values of f0F2 are varying coherently with the sunspot number (SSN). A similar trend was found for f0F2 with the CMEs parameters such as the CME energy (linear correlation coefficient R = 0.73), width (R = 0.6) and the speed (R = 0.6). The arrived CMEs cause a plasma injection into the ionosphere, in turn, increasing the electron density, and consequently, f0F2 values. This happens in the high latitudes followed by the middle and lower latitudes. By examining the seasonal variation of f0F2, we found that the higher correlation between f0F2 and CMEs parameters occurs in the summer, then the equinoxes (spring and autumn), followed by the winter. However, the faster CMEs affect the ionosphere more efficiently in the spring more than in the summer, then the winter and the autumn seasons. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Space Weather)
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