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Authors = Noah Farhadi

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2 pages, 196 KiB  
Reply
Reply to Morillas-Jurado et al. Benford Law to Monitor COVID-19 Registration Data. Comment on “Farhadi, N.; Lahooti, H. Forensic Analysis of COVID-19 Data from 198 Countries Two Years after the Pandemic Outbreak. COVID 2022, 2, 472–484”
by Noah Farhadi and Hooshang Lahooti
COVID 2022, 2(7), 954-955; https://doi.org/10.3390/covid2070070 - 13 Jul 2022
Viewed by 1376
Abstract
In our paper Forensic Analysis of COVID-19 Data from 198 Countries Two Years after the Pandemic Outbreak [...] Full article
13 pages, 1075 KiB  
Article
Forensic Analysis of COVID-19 Data from 198 Countries Two Years after the Pandemic Outbreak
by Noah Farhadi and Hooshang Lahooti
COVID 2022, 2(4), 472-484; https://doi.org/10.3390/covid2040034 - 30 Mar 2022
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3613
Abstract
The availability of accurate information has proved fundamental to managing health crises. This research examined pandemic data provided by 198 countries worldwide two years after the outbreak of the deadly Coronavirus in Wuhan, China. We compiled and reevaluated the consistency of daily COVID-19 [...] Read more.
The availability of accurate information has proved fundamental to managing health crises. This research examined pandemic data provided by 198 countries worldwide two years after the outbreak of the deadly Coronavirus in Wuhan, China. We compiled and reevaluated the consistency of daily COVID-19 infections with Benford’s Law. It is commonly accepted that the distribution of the leading digits of pandemic data should conform to Newcomb-Benford’s expected frequencies. Consistency with the law of leading digits might be an indicator of data reliability. Our analysis shows that most countries have disseminated partially reliable data over 24 months. The United States, Israel, and Spain spread the most consistent COVID-19 data with the law. In line with previous findings, Belarus, Iraq, Iran, Russia, Pakistan, and Chile published questionable epidemic data. Against this trend, 45 percent of countries worldwide appeared to demonstrate significant BL conformity. Our measures of Benfordness were moderately correlated with the Johns Hopkins Global Health Security Index, suggesting that the conformity to Benford’s law may also depend on national health care policies and practices. Our findings might be of particular importance to policymakers and researchers around the world. Full article
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18 pages, 1971 KiB  
Article
Pandemic Growth and Benfordness: Empirical Evidence from 176 Countries Worldwide
by Noah Farhadi and Hooshang Lahooti
COVID 2021, 1(1), 366-383; https://doi.org/10.3390/covid1010031 - 13 Sep 2021
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2667
Abstract
In the battle against the Coronavirus, over 190 territories and countries independently work on one end goal: to stop the pandemic growth. In this context, a tidal wave of data has emerged since the beginning of the COVID-19 crisis. Extant research shows that [...] Read more.
In the battle against the Coronavirus, over 190 territories and countries independently work on one end goal: to stop the pandemic growth. In this context, a tidal wave of data has emerged since the beginning of the COVID-19 crisis. Extant research shows that the pandemic data are partially reliable. Only a small group of nations publishes reliable records on COVID-19 incidents. We collected global data from 176 countries and explored the causal relationship between average growth ratios and progress in the reliability of pandemic data. Furthermore, we replicated and operationalized the results of prior studies regarding the conformity of COVID-19 data to Benford’s law. Our outcomes confirm that the average growth rates of new cases in the first nine months of the Coronavirus pandemic explain improvement or deterioration in Benfordness and thus reliability of COVID-19 data. We found significant evidence for the notion that nonconformity to BL rises by the growth of new cases in the initial phases of outbreaks. Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Burden of COVID-19 in Different Countries)
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16 pages, 1748 KiB  
Article
Are COVID-19 Data Reliable? A Quantitative Analysis of Pandemic Data from 182 Countries
by Noah Farhadi and Hooshang Lahooti
COVID 2021, 1(1), 137-152; https://doi.org/10.3390/covid1010013 - 16 Jul 2021
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 10418
Abstract
When it comes to COVID-19, access to reliable data is vital. It is crucial for the scientific community to use data reported by independent territories worldwide. This study evaluates the reliability of the pandemic data disclosed by 182 countries worldwide. We collected and [...] Read more.
When it comes to COVID-19, access to reliable data is vital. It is crucial for the scientific community to use data reported by independent territories worldwide. This study evaluates the reliability of the pandemic data disclosed by 182 countries worldwide. We collected and assessed conformity of COVID-19 daily infections, deaths, tests, and vaccinations with Benford’s law since the beginning of the coronavirus pandemic. It is commonly accepted that the frequency of leading digits of the pandemic data shall conform to Benford’s law. Our analysis of Benfordness elicits that most countries partially distributed reliable data over the past eighteen months. Notably, the UK, Australia, Spain, Israel, and Germany, followed by 22 different nations, provided the most reliable COVID-19 data within the same period. In contrast, twenty-six nations, including Tajikistan, Belarus, Bangladesh, and Myanmar, published less reliable data on the coronavirus spread. In this context, over 31% of countries worldwide seem to have improved reliability. Our measurement of Benfordness moderately correlates with Johns Hopkin’s Global Health Security Index, suggesting that the quality of data may depend on national healthcare policies and systems. We conclude that economically or politically distressed societies have declined in conformity to the law over time. Our results are particularly relevant for policymakers worldwide. Full article
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