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15 pages, 1587 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Cyberattack and Fraud Detection Using Ensemble Stacking

by Raha Soleymanzadeh, Mustafa Aljasim, Muhammad Waseem Qadeer and Rasha Kashef

AI 2022, 3(1), 22-36; https://doi.org/10.3390/ai3010002 - 18 Jan 2022

Cited by 33 | Viewed by 6594

Smart devices are used in the era of the Internet of Things (IoT) to provide efficient and reliable access to services. IoT technology can recognize comprehensive information, reliably deliver information, and intelligently process that information. Modern industrial systems have become increasingly dependent on data networks, control systems, and sensors. The number of IoT devices and the protocols they use has increased, which has led to an increase in attacks. Global operations can be disrupted, and substantial economic losses can be incurred due to these attacks. Cyberattacks have been detected using various techniques, such as deep learning and machine learning. In this paper, we propose an ensemble staking method to effectively reveal cyberattacks in the IoT with high performance. Experiments were conducted on three different datasets: credit card, NSL-KDD, and UNSW datasets. The proposed stacked ensemble classifier outperformed the individual base model classifiers. Full article

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14 pages, 1615 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Morpho-Physiological and Biochemical Changes in Syzygium cumini and Populus deltoides: A Case Study on Young Saplings under Water Stress

by Zikria Zafar, Fahad Rasheed, Waseem Razzaq Khan, Shazia Afzal, Abdual Qadeer, Muhammad Mohsin, Mohd Nazre, Zohaib Raza and Faridah Hanum Ibrahim

Forests 2021, 12(10), 1319; https://doi.org/10.3390/f12101319 - 27 Sep 2021

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2648

Abstract

Drought is one of the most devastating climate factors in terms of its spatial extent and intensity. Therefore, a study was conducted to evaluate the water stress tolerance in young saplings of Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels and Populus deltoides Marchall that are cultivated in the rain fed areas of Pakistan. Plants were subjected to three levels of moisture regimes: well-watered (WW, 90% of field capacity), mild stress (MS, 60% field capacity), and severe stress (SS, 30% of field capacity). Results showed that dry biomass production (leaf, stem, and root), chlorophyll a, b and carotenoid contents decreased significantly while osmolyte accumulation increased in both species, with the highest increase was evidenced in Populus deltoides saplings. A significant decrease was evidenced in CO₂ assimilation rate and stomatal conductance that resulted in a significant increase in intrinsic water use efficiency in both species under MS and SS. In both the species, along with a significant increase in the production of hydrogen peroxide and superoxide radical, the antioxidants enzyme activities of superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, catalase, and ascorbate peroxidase also increased significantly in both species under MS and SS with highest activity evidenced in Syzygium cumini. The results suggest that Syzygium cumini saplings showed better a tolerance mechanism to water stress. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Forest Ecophysiology and Biology)

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14 pages, 1069 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Interspecific Differences in Physiological and Biochemical Traits Drive the Water Stress Tolerance in Young Morus alba L. and Conocarpus erectus L. Saplings

by Zikria Zafar, Fahad Rasheed, Ahsan Ul Haq, Faridah Hanum Ibrahim, Shazia Afzal, Mohd Nazre, Seemab Akram, Zafar Hussain, Kamziah Abdul Kudus, Muhammad Mohsin, Abdul Qadeer, Zohaib Raza and Waseem Razzaq Khan

Plants 2021, 10(8), 1615; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10081615 - 6 Aug 2021

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2496

Abstract

Mitigating climate change requires the identification of tree species that can tolerate water stress with fewer negative impacts on plant productivity. Therefore, the study aimed to evaluate the water stress tolerance of young saplings of C. erectus and M. alba under three soil water deficit treatments (control, CK, 90% field capacity, FC, medium stress MS, 60% FC and high stress, HS, 30% FC) under controlled conditions. Results showed that leaf and stem dry weight decreased significantly in both species under MS and HS. However, root dry weight and root/shoot ratio increased, and total dry weight remained similar to CK under MS in C. erectus saplings. Stomatal conductance, CO₂ assimilation rate decreased, and intrinsic water use efficiency increased significantly in both species under MS and HS treatments. The concentration of hydrogen peroxide, superoxide radical, malondialdehyde and electrolyte leakage increased in both the species under soil water deficit but was highest in M. alba. The concentration of antioxidative enzymes like superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, catalase, and ascorbate peroxidase also increased in both species under MS and HS but was highest in C. erectus. Therefore, results suggest that C. erectus saplings depicted a better tolerance to MS due to an effective antioxidative enzyme system. Full article

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