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Authors = Mehmet Buğdaycı ORCID = 0000-0001-6276-9251

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13 pages, 1758 KiB  
Article
Recycling of Alkaline Batteries via a Carbothermal Reduction Process
by Selçuk Yeşiltepe, Mehmet Buğdaycı, Onuralp Yücel and Mustafa Kelami Şeşen
Batteries 2019, 5(1), 35; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries5010035 - 19 Mar 2019
Cited by 30 | Viewed by 10683
Abstract
Primary battery recycling has important environmental and economic benefits. According to battery sales worldwide, the most used battery type is alkaline batteries with 75% of market share due to having a higher performance than other primary batteries such as Zn–MnO2. In [...] Read more.
Primary battery recycling has important environmental and economic benefits. According to battery sales worldwide, the most used battery type is alkaline batteries with 75% of market share due to having a higher performance than other primary batteries such as Zn–MnO2. In this study, carbothermal reduction for zinc oxide from battery waste was completed for both vacuum and Ar atmospheres. Thermodynamic data are evaluated for vacuum and Ar atmosphere reduction reactions and results for Zn reduction/evaporation are compared via the FactSage program. Zn vapor and manganese oxide were obtained as products. Zn vapor was re-oxidized in end products; manganese monoxide and steel container of batteries are evaluated as ferromanganese raw material. Effects of carbon source, vacuum, temperature and time were studied. The results show a recovery of 95.1% Zn by implementing a product at 1150 °C for 1 h without using the vacuum. The residues were characterized by Atomic Absorption Spectrometer (AAS) and X-ray Diffraction (XRD) methods. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Circular Economy of Batteries Production and Recycling)
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14 pages, 3153 KiB  
Article
Reduction Conditions of Metallic Calcium from Magnesium Production Residues
by Kerem Can Taşyürek, Mehmet Buğdaycı and Onuralp Yücel
Metals 2018, 8(6), 383; https://doi.org/10.3390/met8060383 - 25 May 2018
Cited by 16 | Viewed by 7855
Abstract
In this paper, the theoretical and industrial definitions of metallic calcium production by the metallothermic process in a vacuum atmosphere were investigated. In the experiments, Al is the only reductant used for metallothermic calcium production. The effects of Al stoichiometry, time variances, and [...] Read more.
In this paper, the theoretical and industrial definitions of metallic calcium production by the metallothermic process in a vacuum atmosphere were investigated. In the experiments, Al is the only reductant used for metallothermic calcium production. The effects of Al stoichiometry, time variances, and temperature changes were investigated. The experiments were carried out at 1200 °C, 1250 °C, and 1300 °C, and with 100% Al, 125% Al, and 150% Al stoichiometry to produce metallic calcium from the residue of metallic magnesium production. Both the raw materials and the residue phases were characterized by atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS), X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectrometry, and chemical analysis techniques. Experimental results were investigated to determine the highest efficiency of reduction conditions. From the results of the experiments, reaction kinetics and activation energy were calculated. According to the experimental results, the highest recovery rate parameters for the reduction of calcium are 150% stoichiometric Al for 480 min at 1300 °C, with 72% recovery. Full article
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