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Authors = Georgio Nemer

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22 pages, 2919 KiB  
Review
Seeing Colors: A Literature Review on Colorimetric Whole-Cell Biosensors
by Georgio Nemer, Mohamed Koubaa, Laure El Chamy, Richard G. Maroun and Nicolas Louka
Fermentation 2024, 10(2), 79; https://doi.org/10.3390/fermentation10020079 - 25 Jan 2024
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3573
Abstract
Colorimetric whole-cell biosensors are natural or genetically engineered microorganisms utilized to detect target molecules and ions as indicators of pollutants and biological activity in the environment. Upon detection, within specific concentration ranges which vary depending on the microorganism and its genetic circuitry among [...] Read more.
Colorimetric whole-cell biosensors are natural or genetically engineered microorganisms utilized to detect target molecules and ions as indicators of pollutants and biological activity in the environment. Upon detection, within specific concentration ranges which vary depending on the microorganism and its genetic circuitry among other factors, these sensors produce pigments which can be detected with the human eye past certain thresholds and quantified using simple analytical techniques, namely spectrophotometry. These sensors, which can be rendered portable through lyophilization and other methods, provide valuable and reliable substitutes of more demanding analytical ex situ techniques. The insights gained from this review can highlight technological progress in the field and contribute to the identification of potential opportunities afforded by these advancements. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pigment Production in Submerged Fermentation: Second Edition)
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11 pages, 1721 KiB  
Article
Purification of Natural Pigments Violacein and Deoxyviolacein Produced by Fermentation Using Yarrowia lipolytica
by Georgio Nemer, Nicolas Louka, Paul Rabiller Blandin, Richard G. Maroun, Eugène Vorobiev, Tristan Rossignol, Jean-Marc Nicaud, Erwann Guénin and Mohamed Koubaa
Molecules 2023, 28(11), 4292; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28114292 - 24 May 2023
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 4528
Abstract
Violacein and deoxyviolacein are bis-indole pigments synthesized by a number of microorganisms. The present study describes the biosynthesis of a mixture of violacein and deoxyviolacein using a genetically modified Y. lipolytica strain as a production chassis, the subsequent extraction of the intracellular pigments, [...] Read more.
Violacein and deoxyviolacein are bis-indole pigments synthesized by a number of microorganisms. The present study describes the biosynthesis of a mixture of violacein and deoxyviolacein using a genetically modified Y. lipolytica strain as a production chassis, the subsequent extraction of the intracellular pigments, and ultimately their purification using column chromatography. The results show that the optimal separation between the pigments occurs using an ethyl acetate/cyclohexane mixture with different ratios, first 65:35 until both pigments were clearly visible and distinguishable, then 40:60 to create a noticeable separation between them and recover the deoxyviolacein, and finally 80:20, which allows the recovery of the violacein. The purified pigments were then analyzed by thin-layer chromatography and nuclear magnetic resonance. Full article
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17 pages, 1165 KiB  
Review
Mechanical Cell Disruption Technologies for the Extraction of Dyes and Pigments from Microorganisms: A Review
by Georgio Nemer, Nicolas Louka, Eugène Vorobiev, Dominique Salameh, Jean-Marc Nicaud, Richard G. Maroun and Mohamed Koubaa
Fermentation 2021, 7(1), 36; https://doi.org/10.3390/fermentation7010036 - 9 Mar 2021
Cited by 45 | Viewed by 13853
Abstract
The production of pigments using single cell microorganisms is gaining traction as a sustainable alternative to conventional syntheses, which rely, in no negligible proportions, on petrochemicals. In addition to depending on petroleum, these syntheses involved the use of toxic organic solvents, which may [...] Read more.
The production of pigments using single cell microorganisms is gaining traction as a sustainable alternative to conventional syntheses, which rely, in no negligible proportions, on petrochemicals. In addition to depending on petroleum, these syntheses involved the use of toxic organic solvents, which may be inadequately disposed of across a range of industries, thus compounding the deleterious effects of fossil fuel exploitation. Literature suggests that notable research efforts in the area of sustainable pigment production using single cell microorganisms are focused on the production of pigments coveted for their interesting qualities, which transcend their mere capacity to dye various fabrics both natural and synthetic. As interest in sustainable pigment biosynthesis grows, the need to devise effective and efficient cell disruption processes becomes more pressing given that the viability of pigment biosynthesis is not only dependent on microorganisms’ yield in terms of production, but also on researchers’ ability to recover them. This review chiefly reports findings as to mechanical cell disruption methods, used individually or in various combinations, and their aptitude to recover biosynthetic pigments. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Production of Dyes and Pigments by Microorganisms: Fermentation, Extraction, and Applications)
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