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Authors = Gavin Mudd

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20 pages, 1786 KiB  
Article
Assessing the Availability of Global Metals and Minerals for the Sustainable Century: From Aluminium to Zirconium
by Gavin M. Mudd
Sustainability 2021, 13(19), 10855; https://doi.org/10.3390/su131910855 - 29 Sep 2021
Cited by 26 | Viewed by 7572
Abstract
Mining supplies metals and minerals to meet the material and energy needs of the modern world. Typically, mineral resources are widely considered to be ‘finite’ in nature, yet, paradoxically, global production and reported reserves and resources continue to grow. This paper synthesizes an [...] Read more.
Mining supplies metals and minerals to meet the material and energy needs of the modern world. Typically, mineral resources are widely considered to be ‘finite’ in nature, yet, paradoxically, global production and reported reserves and resources continue to grow. This paper synthesizes an extensive array of data on the long-term trends in cumulative mine production, reserves and resources at a global level as well detailed case studies of Australia, a global leader in many sectors of mining, and lithium, a new metal with rapidly growing demand. Overall, the paper shows that growing mine production has been clearly matched by growing reserves and resources, although there are numerous complex social, environmental and governance factors which are already affecting mines and are expected to increasingly affect mining into the future. Thus it is not possible at present to determine the ‘ultimately recoverable resource’, especially as this is a dynamic quantity dependent on a variety of inter-related factors (e.g., exploration, social issues, technology, market dynamics, environmental risks, governance aspects, etc.). This finding reinforces the need for continuing detailed studies of all metals and minerals to understand their individual supply and use dynamics to help modern society meet its needs and sustainable development goals. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Criticality Versus Geological Scarcity: Different Concepts, Which May Need Tuning)
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1 pages, 162 KiB  
Erratum
Erratum: Mohr et al. Global Projection of Lead-Zinc Supply from Known Resources. Resources, 2018, 7, 17
by Steve Mohr, Damien Giurco, Monique Retamal, Leah Mason and Gavin Mudd
Resources 2020, 9(3), 25; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources9030025 - 6 Mar 2020
Viewed by 3370
Abstract
The authors wish to make the following correction to this paper [...] Full article
15 pages, 2853 KiB  
Article
Global Projection of Lead-Zinc Supply from Known Resources
by Steve Mohr, Damien Giurco, Monique Retamal, Leah Mason and Gavin Mudd
Resources 2018, 7(1), 17; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources7010017 - 28 Feb 2018
Cited by 38 | Viewed by 15329
Abstract
Lead and zinc are used extensively in the construction and automotive industries, and require sustainable supply. In order to understand the future availability of lead and zinc, we have projected global supplies on a country-by-country basis from a detailed global assessment of mineral [...] Read more.
Lead and zinc are used extensively in the construction and automotive industries, and require sustainable supply. In order to understand the future availability of lead and zinc, we have projected global supplies on a country-by-country basis from a detailed global assessment of mineral resources for 2013. The model GeRS-DeMo was used to create projections of lead and zinc production from ores, as well as recycling for lead. Our modelling suggests that lead and zinc production from known resources is set to peak within 15 years (lead 2025, zinc 2031). For lead, the total supply declines relatively slowly post peak due to recycling. If additional resources are found, these peaks would shift further into the future. These results suggest that lead and zinc consumers will need to plan for the future, potentially by: seeking alternative supplies (e.g., mine tailings, smelter/refinery slags); obtaining additional value from critical metals contained in lead-zinc ore deposits to counter lower grade ores; identifying potential substitutes; redesigning their products; or by contributing to the development of recycling industries. Full article
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14 pages, 3603 KiB  
Article
Decreasing Ore Grades in Global Metallic Mining: A Theoretical Issue or a Global Reality?
by Guiomar Calvo, Gavin Mudd, Alicia Valero and Antonio Valero
Resources 2016, 5(4), 36; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources5040036 - 7 Nov 2016
Cited by 251 | Viewed by 71325
Abstract
Mining industry requires high amounts of energy to extract and process resources, including a variety of concentration and refining processes. Using energy consumption information, different sustainability issues can be addressed, such as the relationship with ore grade over the years, energy variations in [...] Read more.
Mining industry requires high amounts of energy to extract and process resources, including a variety of concentration and refining processes. Using energy consumption information, different sustainability issues can be addressed, such as the relationship with ore grade over the years, energy variations in electricity or fossil fuel use. A rigorous analysis and understanding of the energy intensity use in mining is the first step towards a more sustainable mining industry and, globally, better resource management. Numerous studies have focused on the energy consumption of mining projects, with analysis carried out primarily in one single country or one single region. This paper quantifies, on a global level, the relationship between ore grade and energy intensity. With the case of copper, the study has shown that the average copper ore grade is decreasing over time, while the energy consumption and the total material production in the mine increases. Analyzing only copper mines, the average ore grade has decreased approximately by 25% in just ten years. In that same period, the total energy consumption has increased at a higher rate than production (46% energy increase over 30% production increase). Full article
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15 pages, 284 KiB  
Article
Quantifying the Recoverable Resources of Companion Metals: A Preliminary Study of Australian Mineral Resources
by Gavin M. Mudd, Mohan Yellishetty, Barbara K. Reck and T. E. Graedel
Resources 2014, 3(4), 657-671; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources3040657 - 1 Dec 2014
Cited by 14 | Viewed by 8016
Abstract
The long-term availability of mineral resources is crucial in underpinning human society, technology, and economic activity, and in managing anthropogenic environmental impacts. This is increasingly true for metals that do not generally form the primary product of mines (“host” metals), such as copper [...] Read more.
The long-term availability of mineral resources is crucial in underpinning human society, technology, and economic activity, and in managing anthropogenic environmental impacts. This is increasingly true for metals that do not generally form the primary product of mines (“host” metals), such as copper or iron, but are recovered as by-products (or sometimes co-products during the processing of primary ores). For these “companion” metals, it is therefore useful to develop methodologies to estimate the recoverable resource, i.e., the amount that could, if desired, be extracted and put into use over the next several decades. We describe here a methodological approach to estimating the recoverable resources of companion metals in metal ores, using preliminary data for some particular host/companion pairs in Australia as examples. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wealth from Waste: Urban Metal Resources and Industrial Ecology)
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11 pages, 221 KiB  
Article
Resource Criticality and Commodity Production Projections
by Damien Giurco, Steve Mohr, Gavin Mudd, Leah Mason and Timothy Prior
Resources 2012, 1(1), 23-33; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources1010023 - 19 Dec 2012
Cited by 15 | Viewed by 7870
Abstract
Resource criticality arising from peak production of primary ores is explored in this paper. We combine the Geologic Resource Supply-Demand Model of Mohr [1] to project future resource production for selected commodities in Australia, namely iron and coal which together represent around 50% [...] Read more.
Resource criticality arising from peak production of primary ores is explored in this paper. We combine the Geologic Resource Supply-Demand Model of Mohr [1] to project future resource production for selected commodities in Australia, namely iron and coal which together represent around 50% of the value of total Australian exports as well as copper, gold and lithium. The projections (based on current estimates of ultimately recoverable reserves) indicate that peak production in Australia would occur for lithium in 2015; for gold in 2021; for copper in 2024; for iron in 2039 and for coal in 2060. The quantitative analysis is coupled with the criticality framework for peak minerals of Mason et al. [2] comprising (i) resource availability, (ii) societal resource addiction to commodity use, and (iii) alternatives such as dematerialization or substitution to assess the broader dimension s of peak minerals production for Australia. Full article
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20 pages, 257 KiB  
Article
Lithium Resources and Production: Critical Assessment and Global Projections
by Steve H. Mohr, Gavin M. Mudd and Damien Giurco
Minerals 2012, 2(1), 65-84; https://doi.org/10.3390/min2010065 - 19 Mar 2012
Cited by 270 | Viewed by 35946
Abstract
This paper critically assesses if accessible lithium resources are sufficient for expanded demand due to lithium battery electric vehicles. The ultimately recoverable resources (URR) of lithium globally were estimated at between 19.3 (Case 1) and 55.0 (Case 3) Mt Li; Best Estimate (BE) [...] Read more.
This paper critically assesses if accessible lithium resources are sufficient for expanded demand due to lithium battery electric vehicles. The ultimately recoverable resources (URR) of lithium globally were estimated at between 19.3 (Case 1) and 55.0 (Case 3) Mt Li; Best Estimate (BE) was 23.6 Mt Li. The Mohr 2010 model was modified to project lithium supply. The Case 1 URR scenario indicates sufficient lithium for a 77% maximum penetration of lithium battery electric vehicles in 2080 whereas supply is adequate to beyond 2200 in the Case 3 URR scenario. Global lithium demand approached a maximum of 857 kt Li/y, with a 100% penetration of lithium vehicles, 3.5 people per car and 10 billion population. Full article
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