The Impact of Risk Perception on Social Distancing during the COVID-19 Pandemic in China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Hypothesis Development and Study Model
2.1. Risk Perception and Perceived Understanding Related to Social Distancing
2.2. Risk Perception and Safety Climate Related to Social Distancing
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Population and Sample
3.2. Survey Instrument
3.3. Data Analysis
4. Results
4.1. Reliability and Validity Analysis
4.2. SEM Analysis
4.3. HLR Analysis
5. Discussion
5.1. Research and Policy Implications
5.2. Limitations and Future Research
6. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Country | Affiliation | Social Distancing Definition and Rules |
---|---|---|
Australia | Government Department of Health | “Physical distancing in public means people should keep 1.5 m away from others wherever possible.” [9] |
Brazil | Ministry of Health | “Keep at least 2 m away from anyone who coughs or sneezes.” [10] |
Canada | Public Health Agency | “Physical distancing is one of the most effective ways to help prevent the spread of COVID-19, and keep at least 2 arms lengths (approximately 2 m) apart when around other people.” [11] |
China | National Health Commission | “Reduce mass gatherings such as activities of entertainment, catering, etc. and stay more than 1 m from others.” [12] |
Japan | Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare | “Carefully avoid 3Cs (closed spaces, crowded places, and close-contact settings) and maintain a distance of at least 1.8 m between people.” [13] |
South Africa | National Department of Health | Social distancing refers to limiting public gatherings as much as possible (keep distance at least 1 m). [14] |
U.K. | National Health Service | “Avoid close contact with anyone you do not live with at least 2 m (3 steps) away.” [15] |
U.S. | Centers for Disease Control and Prevention | “Remaining out of congregate settings, avoiding mass gatherings, and maintaining distance (approximately 6 feet or 2 m) from others when possible.” [16] |
World Health Organization (WHO) | “Maintain at least 1 m (3 feet) distance between yourself and others.” [17] |
Variable | Codes of Measurement Items | Survey Instrument Statements | References |
---|---|---|---|
Risk Perception | RP1 | My health is at risk during the COVID-19 pandemic. | Dionne et al. [45]; Kim et al. [53] |
RP2 | The COVID-19 pandemic is difficult to control. | ||
RP3 | The coronavirus can cause serious harm to my body once infected. | ||
RP4 | I think the situation of the COVID-19 pandemic is more serious than previous ones. | ||
RP5 | I am interested in the pandemic policies implemented by the government. * | ||
RP6 | I trust that the government recommends the appropriate measures to control the COVID-19 outbreak. * | ||
RP7 | I am interested in the pandemic information released to the public.* | ||
Perceived Understanding | PU1 | I believe the COVID-19 is caused by the coronavirus. | Qazi et al. [46]; IDSHL [54] |
PU2 | I know how people get infected with COVID-19. | ||
PU3 | I think this coronavirus is a new disease. | ||
PU4 | I know fever and cough are symptoms of COVID-19. | ||
Social Distancing | SD1 | Avoid going out for any activity due to COVID-19. | Swami V, Barron D [57]; Gudi et al. [58] |
SD2 | Avoid contact with individuals who have influenza. | ||
SD3 | Avoid traveling within or between cities/local regions. | ||
SD4 | Avoid using public transport due to COVID-19. | ||
SD5 | Avoid going to crowded places due to COVID-19. * | ||
Safety Climate | SC1 | The government is concerned about the health of people. | Koetke et al. [51]; Neal et al. [55]; Wu et al. [56] |
SC2 | I trust the COVID-19 information provided by the government. | ||
SC3 | There is a clearly stated set of goals or objectives for COVID-19 prevention. | ||
SC4 | People consciously follow the pandemic prevention regulations. | ||
SC5 | Being able to provide necessary personal protective equipment for workers during the pandemic. | ||
SC6 | Offering to workers as much safety instruction and training as needed during the pandemic. |
Variable | No. of Items | Mean | S.D. | RP | PU | SD | SC |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
RP | 4 | 3.68 | 0.97 | - | |||
PU | 4 | 4.61 | 0.66 | 0.32 ** | - | ||
SD | 4 | 4.55 | 0.69 | 0.37 ** | 0.54 ** | - | |
SC | 6 | 4.45 | 0.63 | 0.37 ** | 0.51 ** | 0.63 ** | - |
Variable | Code | Factors | Cronbach’s α | CR | AVE | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | |||||
Risk Perception | RP1 | 0.61 | 0.72 | 0.76 | 0.47 | |||
RP2 | 0.53 | |||||||
RP3 | 0.84 | |||||||
RP4 | 0.83 | |||||||
Perceived Understanding | PU1 | 0.68 | 0.856 | 0.87 | 0.63 | |||
PU2 | 0.80 | |||||||
PU3 | 0.78 | |||||||
PU4 | 0.85 | |||||||
Social Distancing | SD1 | 0.67 | 0.814 | 0.84 | 0.56 | |||
SD2 | 0.61 | |||||||
SD3 | 0.76 | |||||||
SD4 | 0.74 | |||||||
Safety Climate | SC1 | 0.76 | 0.881 | 0.88 | 0.54 | |||
SC2 | 0.63 | |||||||
SC3 | 0.76 | |||||||
SC4 | 0.67 | |||||||
SC5 | 0.81 | |||||||
SC6 | 0.73 | |||||||
Eigenvalue | 3.69 | 3.50 | 2.44 | 2.32 | ||||
Proportion of Variance (%) | 20.51 | 19.46 | 13.56 | 12.88 | ||||
Cumulative of Variance (%) | 20.51 | 39.97 | 53.53 | 66.41 |
Fit Index | Recommended Value | Estimate |
---|---|---|
χ2/df | <3.00 | 2.912 |
GFI | >0.90 | 0.936 |
AGFI | >0.90 (good) >0.80 (reasonable) | 0.896 |
RMR | <0.05 (good) <0.1 (reasonable) | 0.070 |
RMSEA | ≤0.05 (good) <0.08 (reasonable) | 0.078 |
CFI | >0.90 | 0.949 |
NFI | >0.90 | 0.925 |
TLI | >0.90 | 0.930 |
PNFI | >0.50 | 0.673 |
PGFI | >0.50 | 0.576 |
Dimensions | Unstandardized Path Coefficients | Standardized Path Coefficients | S.E. | C.R. | p |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
RP--->PU | 0.150 | 0.296 | 0.034 | 4.435 | *** |
PU--->SD | 0.664 | 0.581 | 0.079 | 8.426 | *** |
RP--->SD | 0.138 | 0.238 | 0.031 | 4.421 | *** |
Path | Effects | Point Estimation | Product of Coefficients | Bootstrapping | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bia-Corrected 95% | Percentile 95% | |||||||
SE | Z | Lower | Upper | Lower | Upper | |||
RP--->SD | Total | 0.238 | 0.052 | 4.577 * | 0.153 | 0.357 | 0.146 | 0.347 |
Indirect | 0.100 | 0.040 | 2.500 * | 0.041 | 0.205 | 0.036 | 0.193 | |
Direct | 0.138 | 0.040 | 3.450 * | 0.072 | 0.230 | 0.064 | 0.219 |
Model | Variables | Standardized Coefficients | R2 | Change Statistics | Collinearity Statistics | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ΔR2 | ΔF | Tolerance | VIF | ||||
1 | RP | 0.165 *** | 0.417 | 0.42 *** | 112.10 | 0.864 | 1.158 |
SC | 0.566 *** | 0.864 | 1.158 | ||||
2 | RP | 0.195 *** | 0.467 | 0.05 *** | 29.65 | 0.851 | 1.176 |
SC | 0.469 *** | 0.745 | 1.342 | ||||
RP × SC | −0.242 *** | 0.862 | 1.160 |
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Xie, K.; Liang, B.; Dulebenets, M.A.; Mei, Y. The Impact of Risk Perception on Social Distancing during the COVID-19 Pandemic in China. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 6256. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17176256
Xie K, Liang B, Dulebenets MA, Mei Y. The Impact of Risk Perception on Social Distancing during the COVID-19 Pandemic in China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(17):6256. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17176256
Chicago/Turabian StyleXie, Kefan, Benbu Liang, Maxim A. Dulebenets, and Yanlan Mei. 2020. "The Impact of Risk Perception on Social Distancing during the COVID-19 Pandemic in China" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 17: 6256. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17176256