Physical Activity Counseling for Adults with Hypertension: A Randomized Controlled Pilot Trial
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Participants
2.3. Screening Visit
2.4. Pedometer-Measured Physical Activity Level and Sitting Time
2.5. Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring
2.6. Metabolic Profile
2.7. Physical Activity Counseling Program
Frequency | Intensity | Time | Type | |
Week 1–2 | 3 day/week | Self-selected | 15 min | Walking |
Week 3–4 | 3 day/week | Self-selected | 20 min | Walking |
Week 5–6 | 3 day/week | Self-selected | 25 min | Walking |
Week 7–8 | 3 day/week | Self-selected | 30 min | Walking |
Week 9–10 | 4 day/week | Self-selected | 30 min | Walking |
Week 11–12 | 5 day/week | Self-selected | 30 min | Walking |
2.8. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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PA Counseling | Control | p | |
---|---|---|---|
N | 11 | 11 | |
Sex (♂/♀) | 2/9 | 4/7 | |
Age (years) | 49.6 ± 8.1 | 47.9 ± 6.7 | 0.592 |
Height (cm) | 160.3 ± 8.3 | 162.0 ± 9.9 | 0.683 |
Body mass (kg) | 85.5 ± 18.0 | 80.7 ± 12.7 | 0.483 |
Body mass index (kg/m²) | 33.0 ± 5.3 | 31.3 ± 5.1 | 0.452 |
Waist circumference (cm) | 97.0 ± 10.7 | 102.3 ± 12.6 | 0.298 |
Body fat (kg) | 36.5 ± 9.0 | 32.5 ± 9.2 | 0.325 |
Body fat (%) | 44.2 ± 4.0 | 41.0 ± 8.9 | 0.287 |
Abdominal fat (kg) | 3.5 ± 1.2 | 3.0 ± 1.0 | 0.305 |
Fat free mass (kg) | 47.2 ± 10.6 | 48.7 ± 9.7 | 0.728 |
Resting HR (bpm) | 77.5 ± 8.0 | 74.7 ± 8.4 | 0.801 |
Resting SBP (mmHg) | 130.5 ± 14.3 | 130.8 ± 13.9 | 0.964 |
Resting DBP (mmHg) | 78.6 ± 8.8 | 85.4 ± 10.0 | 0.110 |
24-h SBP (mmHg) | 123.9 ± 9.4 | 130.4 ± 14.1 | 0.221 |
24-h DBP (mmHg) | 69.8 ± 6.6 | 79.9 ± 11.9 | 0.226 |
Physical activity level | |||
Pedometer (steps/day) | 5237 ± 1526 | 5158 ± 1647 | 0.438 |
Antihypertensive medication, n (%) | |||
ACE inhibitor | 1 (9.1%) | 1 (9.1%) | |
Diuretic | 4 (36.3%) | 4 (36.3%) | |
Beta blocker | 3 (27.2%) | 2 (18.2%) | |
Angiotensin receptor antagonist | 7 (63.3%) | 10 (90.9%) | |
Calcium channel blocker | 2 (18.2%) | 0 (0%) |
PA Counseling | Control | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Baseline | Post 12-week | EMM (95% CI) | Baseline | Post 12-week | EMM (95% CI) | β (95% CI) | ES | p& | |
Resting BP | |||||||||
SBP (mmHg) | 130.5 ± 14.3 | 123.3 ± 8.3 | 123.3 (119.1, 127.6) | 130.8 ± 13.9 | 128.6 ± 13.5 | 128.6 (123.3, 133.9) | −5.3 (−12.0, 1.6) | 0.65 | 0.133 |
DBP (mmHg) | 78.6 ± 8.8 | 75.5 ± 9.1 | 77.6 (73.8, 81.3) | 85.4 ± 10.0 | 83.1 ± 9.0 | 81.0 (76.1, 85.9) | −3.4 (−10.3, 3.4) | 0.46 | 0.326 |
PP (mmHg) | 51.9 ± 11.1 | 47.8 ± 6.8 | 46.1 (43.7, 48.7) | 45.5 ± 8.8 | 45.5 ± 6.0 | 46.8 (44.4, 49.4) | −0.7 (−4.4, 2.9) | 0.16 | 0.700 |
MBP (mmHg) | 95.9 ± 9.6 | 91.4 ± 8.3 | 92.8 (88.8, 96.7) | 100.5 ± 10.7 | 98.3 ± 10.3 | 96.9 (92.2, 101.7) | −4.1 (−10.4, 2.0) | 0.56 | 0.865 |
24-h BP | |||||||||
SBP (mmHg) | 123.9 ± 9.4 | 120.4 ± 10.8 | 122.9 (118.1, 127.8) | 130.4 ± 14.1 | 128.3 ± 14.3 | 124.9 (120.6, 129.2) | −2.0 (−8.8, 4.9) | 0.26 | 0.572 |
DBP (mmHg) | 69.8 ± 6.6 | 68.9 ± 7.5 | 73.0 (70.1, 76.1) | 79.9 ± 11.9 | 79.0 ± 11.7 | 73.6 (70.5, 77.0) | −0.6 (−5.4, 4.1) | 0.11 | 0.801 |
PP (mmHg) | 54.1 ± 8.0 | 51.5 ± 7.2 | 49.8 (48.0, 51.4) | 50.5 ± 4.7 | 49.3 ± 4.4 | 50.5 (48.7, 52.4) | −0.7 (−3.4, 1.9) | 0.22 | 0.592 |
MBP (mmHg) | 87.8 ± 6.7 | 86.1 ± 8.0 | 89.7 (86.2, 93.4) | 96.7 ± 12.5 | 95.4 ± 12.4 | 90.7 (87.2, 94.4) | −1.0 (−6.5, 4.5) | 0.16 | 0.723 |
Awake BP | |||||||||
SBP (mmHg) | 124.3 ± 8.6 | 121.2 ± 9.7 | 124.1 (119.1, 129.2) | 132.7 ± 14.2 | 129.3 ± 13.4 | 126.1 (121.3, 131.1) | −2.0 (−9.6, 5.5) | 0.24 | 0.598 |
DBP (mmHg) | 70.3 ± 6.9 | 70.0 ± 7.8 | 74.5 (71.4, 77.8) | 82.6 ± 12.3 | 81.1 ± 11.3 | 75.4 (72.2, 78.8) | −0.9 (−5.6, 3.7) | 0.17 | 0.692 |
PP (mmHg) | 54.0 ± 8.0 | 51.2 ± 7.3 | 49.6 (47.4, 52.0) | 50.1 ± 5.1 | 48.5 ± 4.3 | 49.7 (47.5, 52.0) | −0.1 (−3.5, 3.2) | 0.18 | 0.937 |
MBP (mmHg) | 88.3 ± 6.4 | 87.1 ± 7.8 | 91.1 (87.4, 94.9) | 99.3 ± 12.7 | 97.3 ± 11.9 | 92.4 (88.6, 96.3) | −1.3 (−7.0, 4.4) | 0.20 | 0.658 |
Asleep BP | |||||||||
SBP (mmHg) | 121.8 ± 12.5 | 119.3 ± 12.1 | 119.2 (114.6, 123.9) | 122.2 ± 12.7 | 121.0 ± 15.1 | 120.2 (115.5, 125.1) | −1.0 (−7.7, 5.7) | 0.13 | 0.760 |
DBP (mmHg) | 68.2 ± 7.3 | 66.1 ± 7.0 | 67.4 (64.3, 70.6) | 71.3 ± 10.3 | 71.1 ± 12.0 | 68.8 (65.3, 72.5) | −1.4 (−6.4, 3.7) | 0.25 | 0.592 |
PP (mmHg) | 53.6 ± 8.2 | 53.2 ± 8.0 | 51.8 (49.3, 54.5) | 50.9 ± 4.7 | 49.9 ± 5.0 | 50.8 (48.4, 53.4) | 1.0 (−2.6, 4.6) | 0.23 | 0.585 |
MBP (mmHg) | 85.0 ± 10.5 | 83.8 ± 8.2 | 85.0 (81.0, 89.2) | 88.2 ± 10.9 | 87.7 ± 12.9 | 85.8 (81.6, 90.1) | −0.8 (−6.8, 5.3) | 0.11 | 0.812 |
PA Counseling | Control | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Baseline | Post 12-week | EMM (95% CI) | Baseline | Post 12-week | EMM (95% CI) | β (95% CI) | ES | p& | |
Metabolic profile | |||||||||
Fasting glucose (mg/dL) | 93.5 ± 16.7 | 91.5 ± 13.1 | 92.5 (85.8, 99.6) | 97.3 ± 18.9 | 99.9 ± 22.0 | 97.4 (91.3, 103.8) | −4.9 (−13.9, 4.1) | 0.44 | 0.285 |
Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 187.4 ± 86.8 | 204.5 ± 95.1 | 197.3 (177.1, 219.9) | 207.8 ± 97.8 | 170.6 ± 68.0 | 154.2 (135.6, 175.3) | 43.1 (14.5, 71.8) | 1.23 | 0.003 |
Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 204.7 ± 22.1 | 198.5 ± 48.3 | 198.1 (173.2, 226.5) | 205.1 ± 31.8 | 197.0 ± 48.5 | 194.7 (176.1, 215.3) | 3.4 (−29.5, 36.3) | 0.09 | 0.841 |
HDL-cholesterol (mg/dL) | 41.3 ± 7.5 | 51.8 ± 11.2 | 50.8 (44.8, 57.5) | 39.2 ± 10.7 | 44.5 ± 15.8 | 44.0 (37.8, 51.3) | 6.8 (−2.4, 15.8) | 0.61 | 0.152 |
LDL-cholesterol (mg/dL) | 121.7 ± 26.8 | 105.6 ± 48.1 | 106.1 (84.2, 133.6) | 130.8 ± 38.4 | 118.4 ± 41.8 | 115.6 (97.5, 136.9) | −9.5 (−40.7, 21.7) | 0.25 | 0.556 |
Body composition | |||||||||
Body mass (kg) | 85.5 ± 18.0 | 85.8 ± 17.8 | 81.7 (80.5, 82.9) | 80.7 ± 12.7 | 81.6 ± 12.4 | 83.1 (81.9, 84.4) | −1.4 (−3.2, 0.4) | 1.00 | 0.119 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 33.0 ± 5.3 | 33.1 ± 5.2 | 31.9 (31.5, 32.4) | 31.3 ± 5.1 | 31.2 ± 4.5 | 31.7 (30.7, 32.8) | 0.2 (−1.0, 1.5) | 0.13 | 0.739 |
WC (cm) | 102.3 ± 12.6 | 101.0 ± 11.9 | 97.6 (96.3, 99.0) | 97.0 ± 10.7 | 98.7 ± 12.4 | 100.8 (99.5, 102.0) | −3.2 (−4.9, −1.4) | 1.49 | 0.001 |
Body fat (kg) | 36.5 ± 9.0 | 36.9 ± 8.9 | 33.7 (32.7, 34.7) | 32.5 ± 9.2 | 33.3 ± 8.8 | 34.0 (33.5, 34.8) | −0.3 (−1.7, 0.8) | 0.72 | 0.526 |
Body fat (%) | 44.2 ± 4.0 | 44.7 ± 4.2 | 42.9 (42.3, 43.5) | 41.0 ± 8.9 | 41.6 ± 8.3 | 42.4 (41.6, 43.2) | 0.5 (−0.5, 1.5) | 0.43 | 0.317 |
Abdominal fat (kg) | 3.5 ± 1.2 | 3.5 ± 1.1 | 3.1 (2.8, 3.3) | 3.0 ± 1.0 | 3.3 ± 1.2 | 3.4 (3.2, 3.5) | −0.3 (0.1, −0.6) | 1.00 | 0.059 |
Fat free mass (kg) | 47.2 ± 10.6 | 46.8 ± 10.8 | 46.6 (45.9, 47.3) | 48.7 ± 9.7 | 48.7 ± 10.3 | 47.0 (46.5, 47.5) | −0.4 (−1.3, 0.4) | 0.35 | 0.327 |
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Sousa Junior, A.E.; Macêdo, G.A.D.; Schwade, D.; Sócrates, J.; Alves, J.W.; Farias-Junior, L.F.; Freire, Y.A.; Lemos, T.M.A.M.; Browne, R.A.V.; Costa, E.C. Physical Activity Counseling for Adults with Hypertension: A Randomized Controlled Pilot Trial. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 6076. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17176076
Sousa Junior AE, Macêdo GAD, Schwade D, Sócrates J, Alves JW, Farias-Junior LF, Freire YA, Lemos TMAM, Browne RAV, Costa EC. Physical Activity Counseling for Adults with Hypertension: A Randomized Controlled Pilot Trial. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(17):6076. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17176076
Chicago/Turabian StyleSousa Junior, Altieres E., Geovani A. D. Macêdo, Daniel Schwade, Júlio Sócrates, José W. Alves, Luiz F. Farias-Junior, Yuri A. Freire, Telma M. A. M. Lemos, Rodrigo A. V. Browne, and Eduardo C. Costa. 2020. "Physical Activity Counseling for Adults with Hypertension: A Randomized Controlled Pilot Trial" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 17: 6076. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17176076