Association between Cardiovascular Mortality and Economic Development: A Spatio-Temporal Study for Prefectures in Japan
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Data Sources
2.2. Level of Analysis
2.3. Bivariate Maps
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Region | Obs | (Mean; Std. Dev.) 1996–2000 | (Mean; Std. Dev.) 2001–2005 | (Mean; Std. Dev.) 2006–2010 | (Mean; Std. Dev.) 2011–2015 | t-Statistic | p-Value | 95% CI | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Crude mortality rate from cardiovascular disease (CMRCVD), Males | Hokkaido | 1 | 474.98; NA | 405.75; NA | 361.77; NA | 323.34; NA | |||
Tohoku | 6 | 553.38; 38.80 | 469.05; 29.58 | 417.72; 27.17 | 369.21; 26.28 | ||||
Kanto | 7 | 522.14; 31.05 | 437.72; 32.35 | 388.10; 29.35 | 351.49; 26.21 | ||||
Chubu | 9 | 491.94; 15.14 | 408.23; 14.80 | 360.97; 8.39 | 323.44; 9.64 | ||||
Kinki | 7 | 489.94; 27.61 | 405.59; 23.26 | 360.31; 29.62 | 324.72; 28.10 | ||||
Chugoku | 5 | 474.98; 30.40 | 404.07; 27.11 | 356.34; 27.62 | 319.19; 32.51 | ||||
Shikoku | 4 | 491.57; 22.52 | 415.69; 28.70 | 364.80; 27.21 | 323.15; 17.16 | ||||
Kyushu | 8 | 465.92; 23.78 | 388.38; 18.15 | 342.84; 20.69 | 306.90; 22.13 | ||||
Overall | 47 | 497.36; 37.22 | 416.75; 33.54 | 368.92; 32.05 | 330.36; 29.38 | ||||
1996–2000 vs. 2011–2015 | 46.11 | 2.47 × 10−5 *** | [156.94–173.91] | ||||||
2001–2005 vs. 2011–2015 | 37.83 | 7.91 × 10−6 *** | [81.21–92.04] | ||||||
2006–2010 vs. 2011–2015 | 25.55 | 1.63 × 10−6 *** | [35.32–42.53] | ||||||
Crude mortality rate from cardiovascular disease (CMRCVD), Females | Hokkaido | 1 | 491.44; NA | 396.91; NA | 348.19; NA | 313.01; NA | |||
Tohoku | 6 | 554.84; 11.11 | 445.27; 7.57 | 388.09; 8.72 | 354.28; 11.03 | ||||
Kanto | 7 | 563.71; 27.40 | 451.81; 26.40 | 390.99; 27.68 | 355.13; 27.80 | ||||
Chubu | 9 | 528.05; 27.66 | 416.58; 24.81 | 358.28; 18.34 | 325.33; 17.01 | ||||
Kinki | 7 | 539.47; 27.84 | 422.29; 15.35 | 366.48; 15.05 | 331.99; 20.20 | ||||
Chugoku | 5 | 497.84; 16.79 | 403.62; 15.93 | 352.20; 25.89 | 321.87; 20.46 | ||||
Shikoku | 4 | 511.08; 11.44 | 410.81; 13.49 | 350.94; 9.57 | 318.57; 7.02 | ||||
Kyushu | 8 | 482.74; 33.49 | 394.30; 23.89 | 338.93; 19.89 | 305.78; 17.80 | ||||
Overall | 47 | 525.33; 36.86 | 420.26; 27.55 | 363.40; 25.67 | 329.92; 24.70 | ||||
1996–2000 vs. 2011–2015 | 39.10 | 0.00025 *** | [181.24–204.57] | ||||||
2001–2005 vs. 2011–2015 | 53.39 | 1.01 × 10−5 *** | [85.49–93.42] | ||||||
2006–2010 vs. 2011–2015 | 54.45 | 1.12 × 10−7 *** | [32.06–4.97] | ||||||
Gross domestic product (GDP) per capita | Hokkaido | 1 | 3,576,523.69; NA | 3,445,865.77; NA | 3,262,695.18; NA | 3,325,173.73; NA | |||
Tohoku | 6 | 3,433,025.80; 245,683.36 | 3,300,966.69; 226,786.18 | 3,239,177.83; 171,658.33 | 3,371,702.00; 170,078.19 | ||||
Kanto | 7 | 4,136,858.70; 1,476,231.68 | 4,092,849.10; 1,650,936.63 | 4,030,843.22; 1,544,894.14 | 4,028,397.73; 1,374,579.74 | ||||
Chubu | 9 | 4,027,838.09; 383,857.03 | 3,984,126.60; 399,028.09 | 3,897,409.85; 385,307.15 | 3,904,454.85; 383,350.29 | ||||
Kinki | 7 | 3,722,355.37; 646,676.02 | 3,668,318.87; 581,919.85 | 3,664,780.70; 606,194.88 | 3,668,725.81; 582,640.94 | ||||
Chugoku | 5 | 3,657,794.16; 263,055.59 | 3,620,914.78; 239,808.56 | 3,577,668.03; 354,972.07 | 3,579,774.87; 408,422.44 | ||||
Shikoku | 4 | 3,364,701.83; 282,630.10 | 3,410,899.08; 255,786.70 | 3,348,105.72; 343,002.51 | 3,482,203.85; 344,634.99 | ||||
Kyushu | 8 | 3,143,210.18; 336,695.29 | 3,127,890.12; 299,193.59 | 3,106,894.10; 282,077.80 | 3,152,639.24; 243,958.09 | ||||
Overall | 47 | 3,666,663.39; 722,486.00 | 3,621,452.60; 758,963.03 | 3,569,781.58; 729,090.58 | 3,609,024.42; 664,783.23 | ||||
1996–2000 vs. 2011–2015 | 1.83 | 0.00031 *** | [−20,202.24–157,511.17] | ||||||
2001–2005 vs. 2011–2015 | 0.69 | 1.82 × 10−5 *** | [−41,816.68–76,506.40] | ||||||
2006–2010 vs. 2011–2015 | −2.38 | 2.48 × 10−5 *** | [−96,151.28–−223.09] |
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Baptista, E.A.; Kakinuma, K.; Queiroz, B.L. Association between Cardiovascular Mortality and Economic Development: A Spatio-Temporal Study for Prefectures in Japan. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 1311. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17041311
Baptista EA, Kakinuma K, Queiroz BL. Association between Cardiovascular Mortality and Economic Development: A Spatio-Temporal Study for Prefectures in Japan. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(4):1311. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17041311
Chicago/Turabian StyleBaptista, Emerson Augusto, Kaoru Kakinuma, and Bernardo Lanza Queiroz. 2020. "Association between Cardiovascular Mortality and Economic Development: A Spatio-Temporal Study for Prefectures in Japan" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 4: 1311. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17041311
APA StyleBaptista, E. A., Kakinuma, K., & Queiroz, B. L. (2020). Association between Cardiovascular Mortality and Economic Development: A Spatio-Temporal Study for Prefectures in Japan. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(4), 1311. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17041311