A Broad Wildlife Survey of Influenza A Virus in the Orinoco Flooded Savannas from Colombia: New Reports and Perspectives
Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area Definition
2.2. Sample Collection
2.3. Molecular Detection of Influenza A Virus
2.4. Detection of Antibodies Against Influenza A Virus
2.5. Search for New Host Reports
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
DOAJ | Directory of open access journals |
IAV | Influenza A Virus |
AIV | Avian Influenza Virus |
qPCR | Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction |
ELISA | Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Essay |
CT | Cycle Threshold |
References
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BIRDS | MAMMALS | REPTILES | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ELISA | qPCR | ELISA | qPCR | ELISA | qPCR | ||||||||
n | Positives | n | Positives | n | Positives | n | Positives | n | Positives | n | Positives | ||
Rainy | PazAriporo | 157 | 34 | 177 | 17 | 70 | 0 | 91 | 0 | 68 | 0 | 79 | 0 |
El Yopal | 57 | 0 | 111 | 13 | 52 | 2 | 54 | 0 | 75 | 2 | 99 | 0 | |
Dry | PazAriporo | 164 | 2 | 311 | 29 | 190 | 7 | 183 | 7 | 149 | 1 | 170 | 0 |
El Yopal | 258 | 0 | 351 | 68 | 134 | 3 | 56 | 4 | 173 | 3 | 175 | 0 | |
TOTALS | 636 | 36 | 950 | 127 | 446 | 12 | 384 | 11 | 465 | 6 | 523 | 0 |
Paz de Ariporo | El Yopal | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | qPCR | ELISA | n | qPCR | ELISA | ||
Birds | Order Anseriformes | ||||||
Amazonetta brasiliensis | 4 | 3 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | |
Cairina moschata | 19 | 4 | 0 | 15 | 0 | 0 | |
Dendrocygna autumnalis | 44 | 0 | 8 | 5 | 0 | 0 | |
Oressochen jubatus | 25 | 3 | 7 | 3 | 0 | 0 | |
Spatula discors | 31 | 6 | 20 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
Order Pelecaniformes | |||||||
Ardea cocoi | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | |
Platalea ajaja | 16 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
Order Gruiformes | |||||||
Porphyrio martinica | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | |
Order Galliformes | |||||||
Gallus gallus * | 27 | 8 | 0 | 45 | 12 | 0 | |
Numida meleagris * | 4 | 1 | 0 | 7 | 0 | 0 | |
Order Columbiformes | |||||||
Columbina squammata | 5 | 0 | 0 | 7 | 1 | 0 | |
Leptotila rufaxilla | 8 | 1 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 0 | |
Order Cuculiformes | |||||||
Crotophaga ani | 0 | 0 | 0 | 15 | 4 | 0 | |
Order Opisthocomiformes | |||||||
Opisthocomus hoazin | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | |
Order Charadriiformes | |||||||
Himantopus mexicanus | 19 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | |
Jacana jacana | 9 | 0 | 0 | 66 | 14 | 0 | |
Hoploxypterus cayanus | 7 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
Vanellus chilensis | 4 | 1 | 0 | 11 | 1 | 0 | |
Order Strisores | |||||||
Hydropsalis cayennensis | 0 | 0 | 0 | 13 | 3 | 0 | |
Hydropsalis maculicaudus | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 0 | |
Nyctidromus albicollis | 17 | 2 | 0 | 39 | 7 | 0 | |
Order Strigiformes | |||||||
Athene cunicularia | 3 | 0 | 0 | 9 | 2 | 0 | |
Megascops choliba | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
Order Accipitriformes | |||||||
Cathartes aura | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
Order Coraciiformes | |||||||
Chloroceryle amazona | 2 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 3 | 0 | |
Chloroceryle americana | 8 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | |
Order Piciformes | |||||||
Galbula ruficauda | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 0 | |
Order Passeriformes | |||||||
Myiarchus ferox | 4 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 0 | |
Myiozetetes cayanensis | 4 | 0 | 0 | 11 | 2 | 0 | |
Pitangus sulphuratus | 11 | 1 | 0 | 10 | 1 | 0 | |
Tyrannus melancholicus | 10 | 0 | 0 | 20 | 4 | 0 | |
Tyrannus savana | 0 | 0 | 0 | 31 | 9 | 0 | |
Certhiaxis cinnamomeus | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | |
Hylophilus flavipes | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
Paroaria nigrogenis | 8 | 0 | 0 | 7 | 3 | 0 | |
Ramphocelus carbo | 7 | 1 | 0 | 4 | 1 | 0 | |
Saltator olivascens | 2 | 1 | 0 | 3 | 1 | 0 | |
Sicalis flaveola | 8 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 1 | 0 | |
Thraupis episcopus | 6 | 1 | 0 | 7 | 2 | 0 | |
Icterus nigrogularis | 2 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 1 | 0 | |
Euphonia xanthogaster | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | |
Turdus ignobilis | 4 | 2 | 0 | 5 | 1 | 0 | |
Turdus nudigenis | 10 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
Mammals | Order Artiodactyla | ||||||
Ovis orientalis aries * | 12 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
Bos taurus * | 15 | 0 | 0 | 32 | 2 | 1 | |
Order Chiroptera | |||||||
Artibeus obscurus | 1 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 1 | |
Artibeus planirostris | 5 | 0 | 0 | 11 | 0 | 1 | |
Phyllostomus discolor | 2 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
Order Cingulata | |||||||
Dasypus sabanicola | 17 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
Order Perissodactyla | |||||||
Equus ferus caballus * | 18 | 1 | 4 | 38 | 2 | 1 | |
Order Rodentia | |||||||
Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris | 126 | 2 | 2 | 8 | 0 | 0 | |
Cuniculus paca | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 1 | |
Reptiles | Order Squamata | ||||||
Iguana iguana | 21 | 0 | 0 | 44 | 0 | 1 | |
Order Crocodylia | |||||||
Caiman crocodilus | 100 | 0 | 1 | 90 | 0 | 4 |
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Cárdenas Parra, A.K.; Barón Vera, J.P.; Calixto-Botía, I.F.; Matta, N.E.; Rodríguez-Fandiño, O.A.; Correa-Higuera, L.J. A Broad Wildlife Survey of Influenza A Virus in the Orinoco Flooded Savannas from Colombia: New Reports and Perspectives. Animals 2025, 15, 2201. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15152201
Cárdenas Parra AK, Barón Vera JP, Calixto-Botía IF, Matta NE, Rodríguez-Fandiño OA, Correa-Higuera LJ. A Broad Wildlife Survey of Influenza A Virus in the Orinoco Flooded Savannas from Colombia: New Reports and Perspectives. Animals. 2025; 15(15):2201. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15152201
Chicago/Turabian StyleCárdenas Parra, Astrid Katerine, Juan Pablo Barón Vera, Iván Fernando Calixto-Botía, Nubia E. Matta, Oscar Andrés Rodríguez-Fandiño, and Lady Johana Correa-Higuera. 2025. "A Broad Wildlife Survey of Influenza A Virus in the Orinoco Flooded Savannas from Colombia: New Reports and Perspectives" Animals 15, no. 15: 2201. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15152201
APA StyleCárdenas Parra, A. K., Barón Vera, J. P., Calixto-Botía, I. F., Matta, N. E., Rodríguez-Fandiño, O. A., & Correa-Higuera, L. J. (2025). A Broad Wildlife Survey of Influenza A Virus in the Orinoco Flooded Savannas from Colombia: New Reports and Perspectives. Animals, 15(15), 2201. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15152201