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Editor’s Choice Articles

Editor’s Choice articles are based on recommendations by the scientific editors of MDPI journals from around the world. Editors select a small number of articles recently published in the journal that they believe will be particularly interesting to readers, or important in the respective research area. The aim is to provide a snapshot of some of the most exciting work published in the various research areas of the journal.

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24 pages, 1594 KB  
Review
Biomechanical Cues Direct Valvulogenesis
by Neha Ahuja, Paige Ostwald, David Bark and Deborah Garrity
J. Cardiovasc. Dev. Dis. 2020, 7(2), 18; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcdd7020018 - 19 May 2020
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 4557
Abstract
The vertebrate embryonic heart initially forms with two chambers, a ventricle and an atrium, separated by the atrioventricular junction. Localized genetic and biomechanical information guides the development of valves, which function to ensure unidirectional blood flow. If the valve development process goes awry, [...] Read more.
The vertebrate embryonic heart initially forms with two chambers, a ventricle and an atrium, separated by the atrioventricular junction. Localized genetic and biomechanical information guides the development of valves, which function to ensure unidirectional blood flow. If the valve development process goes awry, pathology associated with congenital valve defects can ensue. Congenital valve defects (CVD) are estimated to affect 1–2% of the population and can often require a lifetime of treatment. Despite significant clinical interest, molecular genetic mechanisms that direct valve development remain incompletely elucidated. Cells in the developing valve must contend with a dynamic hemodynamic environment. A growing body of research supports the idea that cells in the valve are highly sensitive to biomechanical forces, which cue changes in gene expression required for normal development or for maintenance of the adult valve. This review will focus on mechanotransductive pathways involved in valve development across model species. We highlight current knowledge regarding how cells sense physical forces associated with blood flow and pressure in the forming heart, and summarize how these changes are transduced into genetic and developmental responses. Lastly, we provide perspectives on how altered biomechanical cues may lead to CVD pathogenesis. Full article
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16 pages, 1360 KB  
Review
Right Ventricular Function in Chronic Heart Failure: From the Diagnosis to the Therapeutic Approach
by Francesco Monitillo, Vito Di Terlizzi, Margherita Ilaria Gioia, Roberta Barone, Dario Grande, Giuseppe Parisi, Natale Daniele Brunetti and Massimo Iacoviello
J. Cardiovasc. Dev. Dis. 2020, 7(2), 12; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcdd7020012 - 9 Apr 2020
Cited by 24 | Viewed by 5355
Abstract
There is growing attention for the study of the right ventricle in cardiovascular disease and in particular in heart failure. In this clinical setting, right ventricle dysfunction is a significant marker of poor prognosis, regardless of the degree of left ventricular dysfunction. Novel [...] Read more.
There is growing attention for the study of the right ventricle in cardiovascular disease and in particular in heart failure. In this clinical setting, right ventricle dysfunction is a significant marker of poor prognosis, regardless of the degree of left ventricular dysfunction. Novel echocardiographic methods allow for obtaining a more complete evaluation of the right ventricle anatomy and function as well as of the related abnormalities in filling pressures. Specific and effective therapies for the right ventricle dysfunction are still not well defined and this represents the most difficult and important challenge. This article focuses on available diagnostic techniques for studying right ventricle dysfunction as well as on the therapies for right ventricle dysfunction. Full article
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17 pages, 1696 KB  
Review
Translating Translation to Mechanisms of Cardiac Hypertrophy
by Michael J. Zeitz and James W. Smyth
J. Cardiovasc. Dev. Dis. 2020, 7(1), 9; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcdd7010009 - 10 Mar 2020
Cited by 23 | Viewed by 7131
Abstract
Cardiac hypertrophy in response to chronic pathological stress is a common feature occurring with many forms of heart disease. This pathological hypertrophic growth increases the risk for arrhythmias and subsequent heart failure. While several factors promoting cardiac hypertrophy are known, the molecular mechanisms [...] Read more.
Cardiac hypertrophy in response to chronic pathological stress is a common feature occurring with many forms of heart disease. This pathological hypertrophic growth increases the risk for arrhythmias and subsequent heart failure. While several factors promoting cardiac hypertrophy are known, the molecular mechanisms governing the progression to heart failure are incompletely understood. Recent studies on altered translational regulation during pathological cardiac hypertrophy are contributing to our understanding of disease progression. In this brief review, we describe how the translational machinery is modulated for enhanced global and transcript selective protein synthesis, and how alternative modes of translation contribute to the disease state. Attempts at controlling translational output through targeting of mTOR and its regulatory components are detailed, as well as recently emerging targets for pre-clinical investigation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cardiomyopathy at the Sub-Cellular Level)
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26 pages, 5561 KB  
Review
Follow Me! A Tale of Avian Heart Development with Comparisons to Mammal Heart Development
by Rusty Lansford and Sandra Rugonyi
J. Cardiovasc. Dev. Dis. 2020, 7(1), 8; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcdd7010008 - 7 Mar 2020
Cited by 18 | Viewed by 10905
Abstract
Avian embryos have been used for centuries to study development due to the ease of access. Because the embryos are sheltered inside the eggshell, a small window in the shell is ideal for visualizing the embryos and performing different interventions. The window can [...] Read more.
Avian embryos have been used for centuries to study development due to the ease of access. Because the embryos are sheltered inside the eggshell, a small window in the shell is ideal for visualizing the embryos and performing different interventions. The window can then be covered, and the embryo returned to the incubator for the desired amount of time, and observed during further development. Up to about 4 days of chicken development (out of 21 days of incubation), when the egg is opened the embryo is on top of the yolk, and its heart is on top of its body. This allows easy imaging of heart formation and heart development using non-invasive techniques, including regular optical microscopy. After day 4, the embryo starts sinking into the yolk, but still imaging technologies, such as ultrasound, can tomographically image the embryo and its heart in vivo. Importantly, because like the human heart the avian heart develops into a four-chambered heart with valves, heart malformations and pathologies that human babies suffer can be replicated in avian embryos, allowing a unique developmental window into human congenital heart disease. Here, we review avian heart formation and provide comparisons to the mammalian heart. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Comparative Developmental Cardiovascular Biomechanics and Bioengineering)
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11 pages, 536 KB  
Article
The Prognostic Importance of TAPSE in Early and in Stable Cardiovascular Diseases
by Paolo Giovanardi, Enrico Tincani, Marco Maioli and Stefano Tondi
J. Cardiovasc. Dev. Dis. 2020, 7(1), 4; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcdd7010004 - 15 Jan 2020
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 6351
Abstract
The identification of predictors of major cardiovascular events (MACES) represents a big challenge, especially in early and stable cardiovascular diseases. This prospective study comparatively evaluated the prognostic importance of left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) systolic and diastolic function, pulmonary artery pressure [...] Read more.
The identification of predictors of major cardiovascular events (MACES) represents a big challenge, especially in early and stable cardiovascular diseases. This prospective study comparatively evaluated the prognostic importance of left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) systolic and diastolic function, pulmonary artery pressure (PAP) and pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) in a stable patient’s cohort with cardiovascular risk factors. The LV ejection fraction, mitral annular plane systolic excursion (MAPSE), tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE), functional mitral regurgitation (FMR), doppler tissue imaging of mitral and tricuspid annulus with systolic and diastolic peaks estimation, tricuspid regurgitation velocity (TRV), pulmonary velocity outflow time integral (PVTI), mean pulmonary artery pressure (MPAP) and PVR were estimated at enrollment. During the follow-up, MACES and all-cause mortality were recorded. 369 subjects with or without previous MACES were enrolled. Bivariate analysis revealed LVEF, TAPSE, MPAP, TRV, PVR, LV diastolic function, and FMR were associated with the endpoints. When computing the influence of covariates to the primary endpoint (all-cause mortality and MACES) through Cox analysis, only LV diastolic function and TAPSE entered the final model; for the secondary endpoint (MACES) only TAPSE entered. TAPSE was able to predict MACES and all-cause mortality in early and stable cardiovascular diseases. The use of TAPSE should be implemented. Full article
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