Carbon-Based Composites as Electrocatalysts for Oxygen Evolution Reaction in Alkaline Media
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Water Splitting Systems
2.1. Proton Exchange Membrane Electrolyzers
2.2. Alkaline Exchange Membrane Electrolyzers
2.3. A Brief Overview of Carbon-Free Catalytic Materials for Oxygen Evolution Reaction in Alkaline Media
2.3.1. Metal Hydroxides/Oxyhydroxides
2.3.2. Metal Oxides
2.3.3. Metal Chalcogenides
2.3.4. Metal Nitrides and Phosphides
3. Introduction to Carbon-Based Composite Materials
4. Synthesis of Carbon-Based Nanocomposites
4.1. Pre-Treatment of Carbons
- Pyrolysis/graphitization
- Polymerization
- Plasma functionalization
- Exfoliation
- Reduction
- Oxidation
- Activation
4.2. Synthesis of Carbon–Metal Hydroxides/Oxyhydroxides/Oxides
- Hydrothermal treatment of the oxide hydroxide precursors with carbon (hydrothermal deposition–precipitation)
- Non-hydrothermal deposition
- Electrospinning of precursors
- Impregnation
- Direct reduction with carbon support
- Electrodeposition
- Coprecipitation
- Atomic layer deposition
4.3. Synthesis of Carbon–Metal Chalcogenides
- Hydrothermal transformation
- High temperature selenization
- Other methods
4.4. Synthesis of Carbon-Nitrides and -Phosphides
- Pyrolysis of precursors
- Nitridation of metal precursors deposited on the carbon matrix
- Phosphorization of metal precursors with NaH2PO2
- Electrodeposition of phosphide phase
- Metal–organic framework-derived
- Phosphides and nitrides with protective carbon shell
5. Reactivity of Carbon-Based Composite Materials
5.1. Metal-Free Carbon Composite Electrocatalysts
5.2. Carbon—Metal Hydroxides/Oxyhydroxides/Oxides
5.3. Carbon—Metal Chalcogenides
5.4. Carbon—Metal Nitrides and Phosphides
6. Interfaces in OER Electrocatalysts
7. Conclusions and Outlook
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Electrocatalyst | KOH Concentration | Substrate | Loading/mg cm−2 | Overpotential at 10 mA cm−2/mV | Tafel Slope/mV dec−1 | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
G-FeCoW | 1 M | GCE * | 0.21 | 223 | 37 | [29] |
α-Co4Fe(OH)x | 1 M | GCE | 0.28 | 295 | 52 | [30] |
(Ni,Fe)OOH | 1 M | NF * | 4.0 | 154 | 41.5 | [31] |
Co3O4C-NA | 0.1 M | Cu foil | 0.2 | 290 | 70 | [32] |
CoO-MoO2 | 1 M | NF | N/A | 270 | 36.5 | [33] |
Core–shell NiFeCu | 1 M | NF | 10.2 | 180 | 33 | [34] |
Ni3S2 nanorods | 0.1 M | NF | 37 | 187 | 159 | [35] |
Fe7S8 nanosheets | 1 M | GCE | 0.143 | 270 | 43 | [36] |
CoSe2 nanosheet | 0.1 M | GCE | 0.142 | 320 | 44 | [37] |
CoTe2 nanofleeces | 0.1 M | GCE | 0.25 | 357 | 32 | [38] |
Co4N nanowire | 1 M | carbon cloth | 0.82 | 257 | 44 | [39] |
FeP/Ni2P | 1 M | NF | 8 | 154 | 22.7 | [40] |
Catalyst | Electrolyte | Overpotential at 10 mA cm−2/mV | Tafel Slope/mV dec−1 | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|
ANGS (activated S, N co-doped graphene) | 1 M KOH | 281 | 109 | [150] |
SNG@GF (N and S-doped graphene on graphite foam) | 1 M KOH | 330 | 149 | [151] |
GNP (N, P, and O-doped carbon) | 1 M KOH | 299 | 127 | [154] |
N-GRW (N-doped graphene nanoribbons) | 1 M KOH | 360 | 47 | [156] |
PAN-CCC (N-doped cotton cloth) | 1 M NaOH | 351 | 88 | [157] |
NMWNT (N-doped multi-walled carbon nanotubes) | 1 M NaOH | 320 | 68 | [158] |
G-BNG (stacked nanofilm of graphene on B,N-codoped graphene) | 0.1 M KOH | 580 | 143 | [159] |
OCC (oxidized carbon cloth) | 0.1 M KOH | 477 | 82 | [160] |
Catalyst | KOH Electrolyte Concentration | Overpotential at 10 mA cm−2/mV | Tafel Slope/mV dec−1 | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|
Ni-Fe Hydroxide/edge-rich vertical graphene | 1 M | 276 | 38 | [80] |
Ni/NiO/N-doped activated carbon | 0.1 M | 346 | 70 | [92] |
N-rGO/NiCo-NiO-CoO | 1 M | 260 | 72 | [96] |
N-rGO/CoFe-CoFe2O4 | 1 M | 320 | 54 | [96] |
Co0.5Fe0.5WO4/CNT | 1 M | 290 | 42 | [97] |
Ni nanoplates/rGO | 1 M | 330 | 68 | [100] |
Ni@Pt core–shell nanoplates/rGO | 1 M | 290 | 52 | [100] |
Ni-NiFe2O4/N-CNT | 1 M | 340 | 51 * | [101] |
Co(OH)x/N-CNT | 1 M | 350 | 36 | [102] |
Hollow Co3O4/CeO2-heterostructure/N-doped carbon nanofibers | 0.1 M | 310 | 85 | [105] |
Ni0.36Fe0.64/MnOx/N-doped graphitic carbon, Mn/Ni = 0.2 | 1 M | 300 | 43 | [108] |
CoOx/carbon fiber paper | 1 M | 343 | 74 | [109] |
CoOx/NrGO | 0.1 M | 392 | 72 | [171] |
TaOx/CNF | 0.1 M | 405 | 72 | [172] |
CoO-Co/CNF | 1 M | 437 | 140 | [173] |
NiCo-loaded CNF | 1 M | 408 | 140 | [174] |
Co3O4/CNF | 1 M | 416 | 108 | [175] |
NiCo2O4/CNF | 6 M | 223 | 174 | [176] |
FeCo2O4/CNF | 6 M | 130 | 100 | [177] |
Catalyst | KOH Electrolyte Concentration | Overpotential at 10 mA cm−2/mV | Tafel Slope/mV dec−1 | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|
MoS2 wrapped N-doped carbon-coated Co nanospheres | 1 M | 297 | 70 | [110] |
CoSe2/Ni3Se4@N-doped carbon nanosheets/ketjen black carbon | 1 M | 260 | 68 | [114] |
NiFe-Se/carbon fiber paper | 1 M | 281 | 41 | [118] |
NiFeCoSex/carbon fiber cloth | 1 M | 150 | 85 | [126] |
FexNi1−xS2/C | 1 M | 248 | 43 | [153] |
CoSe2@N-doped bamboo-like carbon nanotubes | 1 M | 340 | 103 | [180] |
Fe-Co1.11Te2@N-doped carbon nanotube | 1 M | 297 | 91 | [181] |
NiSe-Ni3Se2/MWCNT | 0.1 M | 325 | 70 | [182] |
CoTe2 encapsulated in N-doped carbon nanotube frameworks | 1 M | 330 | 83 | [183] |
NiS@N/S-C | 1 M | 417 | 48 | [184] |
Catalyst | KOH Electrolyte Concentration | Overpotential at 10 mA cm−2/mV | Tafel Slope/mV dec−1 | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|
Ni3N/B-doped graphene oxide | 1 M | 280 | 78 | [90] |
Ni12P5 nanosheets coupled with oxidized MWCNTs | 1 M | 280 | 62 | [131] |
Co5.47N@N-doped rGO | 0.1 M | 350 | 80 | [138] |
NiFeP@ N-doped carbon sponge | 1 M | 216 | 84 | [139] |
Co3FeNx/N-doped carbon nanoleaf arrays@carbon cloth | 1 M | 270 | 53 | [144] |
Fe–NiCoP embedded in the amorphous carbon layer | 1 M | 270 | 36 | [147] |
S-Ni3FeN/N,S co-doped grephene | 1 M | 260 | 76 | [152] |
NiCo2Px/CNTs | 1 M | 284 | 50 | [200] |
CoP@N-doped carbon nanotube network | 1 M | 317 | 75 | [201] |
FeNi3@N-doped carbon | 1 M | 277 | 77 | [202] |
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Stelmachowski, P.; Duch, J.; Sebastián, D.; Lázaro, M.J.; Kotarba, A. Carbon-Based Composites as Electrocatalysts for Oxygen Evolution Reaction in Alkaline Media. Materials 2021, 14, 4984. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14174984
Stelmachowski P, Duch J, Sebastián D, Lázaro MJ, Kotarba A. Carbon-Based Composites as Electrocatalysts for Oxygen Evolution Reaction in Alkaline Media. Materials. 2021; 14(17):4984. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14174984
Chicago/Turabian StyleStelmachowski, Paweł, Joanna Duch, David Sebastián, María Jesús Lázaro, and Andrzej Kotarba. 2021. "Carbon-Based Composites as Electrocatalysts for Oxygen Evolution Reaction in Alkaline Media" Materials 14, no. 17: 4984. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14174984