Simulation in the Built Environment: A Bibliometric Analysis
Abstract
1. Introduction
- What are the leading countries and journals in the field of simulation in the built environment?
- What are the central publications in the citation network of this research area?
- What are the most frequently occurring keywords, and how are they interconnected?
- What are the major themes in the literature on simulation in the built environment?
2. Methods
2.1. Identifying Pertinent Publications
2.2. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Top 20 Countries
3.2. Top 10 Journals
3.3. Central Publications
Rank | Productivity | Impact | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Country | TP | Country | TC | |
1 | China | 2966 | USA | 62,115 |
2 | USA | 1951 | China | 35,354 |
3 | Italy | 1031 | Italy | 30,178 |
4 | United Kingdom | 820 | United Kingdom | 21,781 |
5 | Germany | 708 | Canada | 16,042 |
6 | France | 543 | Germany | 13,714 |
7 | Canada | 532 | Hong Kong | 11,525 |
8 | Spain | 445 | France | 11,350 |
9 | South Korea | 347 | Netherlands | 11,112 |
10 | Australia | 346 | Australia | 9469 |
11 | Japan | 342 | Spain | 8612 |
12 | India | 305 | Belgium | 8553 |
13 | Hong Kong | 297 | Switzerland | 8322 |
14 | Netherlands | 264 | Portugal | 6178 |
15 | Brazil | 253 | South Korea | 5986 |
16 | Portugal | 216 | Sweden | 5915 |
17 | Belgium | 202 | Japan | 5811 |
18 | Sweden | 200 | Brazil | 5054 |
19 | Switzerland | 197 | Denmark | 3755 |
20 | Iran | 181 | Iran | 3332 |
Rank | Productivity | Impact | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Journal Title | TP | Journal Title | TC | |
1 | Energy and Buildings | 875 | Energy and Buildings | 50,241 |
2 | Building and Environment | 385 | Building and Environment | 21,492 |
3 | Energies | 262 | Applied Energy | 14,864 |
4 | Applied Energy | 226 | Automation in Construction | 5717 |
5 | Journal of Building Engineering | 219 | Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews | 5545 |
6 | Buildings | 205 | Journal of Building Engineering | 4561 |
7 | Sustainability | 192 | Journal of Building Performance Simulation | 4405 |
8 | Energy Procedia | 190 | Energy | 4347 |
9 | Building Simulation | 155 | Energies | 4097 |
10 | Journal of Building Performance Simulation | 147 | Building Simulation | 3877 |
Rank | Ref. | Publication Main Title | LC | TC |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | [14] * | Occupant behavior modeling for building performance simulation | 132 | 743 |
2 | [27] | User behavior in whole building simulation | 87 | 522 |
3 | [28] | Interactions with window openings by office occupants | 85 | 422 |
4 | [16] * | A review on modeling and simulation of building energy systems | 80 | 561 |
5 | [29] | Co-simulation of building energy and control systems with the building controls virtual test bed | 78 | 364 |
6 | [30] * | Advances in research and applications of energy-related occupant behavior in buildings | 73 | 452 |
7 | [31] | Building model calibration using energy and environmental data | 67 | 221 |
8 | [15] * | Assessing gaps and needs for integrating building performance optimization tools in net zero energy buildings design | 65 | 358 |
9 | [32] † | Building simulation | 65 | 170 |
10 | [33] | Results from field surveys to predict the effect of open windows on thermal comfort and energy use in buildings | 63 | 488 |
11 | [34] * | Methodologies and advancements in the calibration of building energy models | 59 | 189 |
12 | [35] | Simulation-based decision support tool for early stages of zero-energy building design | 58 | 361 |
13 | [13] * | An ontology to represent energy-related occupant behavior in buildings | 58 | 271 |
14 | [36] | Analysis of uncertainty in building design evaluations and its implications | 57 | 270 |
15 | [37] | A new methodology for investigating the cost-optimality of energy retrofitting a building category | 56 | 165 |
16 | [38] | Calibrating whole building energy models: An evidence-based methodology | 55 | 237 |
17 | [39] | Modelica buildings library | 53 | 529 |
18 | [40] † | Integrated building performance simulation | 53 | 150 |
19 | [41] | A novel approach for building occupancy simulation | 52 | 256 |
20 | [42] | On approaches to couple energy simulation and computational fluid dynamics programs | 52 | 247 |
21 | [43] | An occupant behavior modeling tool for co-simulation | 52 | 157 |
22 | [44] | Window opening behaviour modelled from measurements in Danish dwellings | 51 | 271 |
23 | [45] | Impacts of future weather data typology on building energy performance | 51 | 239 |
24 | [46] | On the behaviour and adaptation of office occupants | 50 | 334 |
25 | [47] | Energy retrofit of historical buildings | 48 | 180 |
26 | [48] † | Ten questions concerning occupant behavior in buildings | 47 | 446 |
27 | [49] * | The impact of occupants’ behaviours on building energy analysis | 47 | 437 |
28 | [50] | The influence of building height variability on pollutant dispersion and pedestrian ventilation in idealized high-rise urban areas | 46 | 368 |
29 | [51] | Calibrating whole building energy models: Detailed case study using hourly measured data | 46 | 172 |
30 | [52] | Simulation of occupancy in buildings | 45 | 211 |
31 | [53] * | A review of current and future weather data for building simulation | 45 | 168 |
32 | [54] | Verification and validation of EnergyPlus phase change material model for opaque wall assemblies | 44 | 340 |
33 | [55] | Numerical evaluation of wind effects on a tall steel building by CFD | 44 | 252 |
34 | [17] * | A review on the basics of building energy estimation | 43 | 356 |
35 | [56] * | Pedestrian-level wind conditions around buildings | 43 | 352 |
36 | [57] | Model calibration for building energy efficiency simulation | 43 | 165 |
37 | [58] | Innovative technologies for NZEBs | 43 | 83 |
38 | [59] * | Advances in building simulation and computational techniques | 42 | 144 |
39 | [60] * | Review of passive PCM latent heat thermal energy storage systems towards buildings’ energy efficiency | 40 | 876 |
40 | [61] | A green roof model for building energy simulation programs | 40 | 591 |
3.4. Keyword Analysis
3.4.1. Most Frequently Occurring Author-Provided Keywords
3.4.2. Keyword Networks and Thematic Clustering
Rank | Keyword | Occurrences | Total Link Strength |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Simulation | 2447 | 3168 |
2 | Building simulation | 1103 | 1583 |
3 | Numerical simulation | 860 | 673 |
4 | Building energy simulation | 840 | 1030 |
5 | Energy | 548 | 1013 |
6 | Building performance simulation | 502 | 730 |
7 | Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) | 484 | 757 |
8 | Energy efficiency | 482 | 1052 |
9 | High level architecture | 462 | 462 |
10 | Building | 431 | 901 |
11 | Computer simulation | 415 | 457 |
12 | Architecture | 414 | 560 |
13 | Thermal comfort | 412 | 961 |
14 | Modeling | 372 | 570 |
15 | Building Information Modeling (BIM) | 364 | 510 |
16 | Residential building | 301 | 590 |
17 | Dynamic simulation | 257 | 416 |
18 | Energy consumption | 231 | 453 |
19 | High-rise building | 228 | 279 |
20 | Performance | 213 | 296 |
21 | EnergyPlus | 211 | 482 |
22 | Monte Carlo simulation | 205 | 168 |
23 | Distributed simulation | 200 | 272 |
24 | Large-eddy simulation | 191 | 214 |
25 | Building envelope | 186 | 360 |
26 | Climate change | 184 | 379 |
27 | Office building | 171 | 356 |
28 | Energy saving | 165 | 331 |
29 | Natural ventilation | 154 | 336 |
30 | Optimization | 151 | 350 |
31 | Occupant behavior | 151 | 340 |
32 | Historic building | 142 | 271 |
33 | Energy performance | 140 | 294 |
34 | Co-simulation | 139 | 191 |
35 | Daylight | 133 | 236 |
36 | Sensitivity analysis | 129 | 286 |
37 | Machine learning | 126 | 247 |
38 | Evacuation | 112 | 129 |
39 | Green building | 109 | 224 |
40 | Software architecture | 108 | 106 |
41 | Tall building | 103 | 135 |
42 | TRNSYS simulation | 102 | 199 |
43 | Thermal performance | 100 | 217 |
44 | Sustainability | 96 | 260 |
45 | Agent-based simulation | 96 | 113 |
46 | Virtual reality | 93 | 130 |
47 | Building performance | 90 | 200 |
48 | Multi-objective optimization | 89 | 192 |
49 | Uncertainty analysis | 89 | 184 |
50 | Phase change material | 89 | 179 |
Category | Keywords |
---|---|
Simulation Objectives | Climate change, cooling, education, energy conservation, energy performance, evacuation, global warming, indoor air quality, life cycle assessment, monitoring, natural ventilation, NZEB, performance, pollutant dispersion, risk assessment, sustainability, thermal comfort, turbulence, urban heat island, urban microclimate, ventilation, visual comfort, visualization, wind load |
Simulation Techniques | Agent-based sim., artificial intelligence, building thermal sim., CFD, circuit sim., computational modeling, computational sim., construction sim., co-simulation, deep learning, discrete-event sim., distributed interactive sim., distributed sim., dynamic building, sim., dynamic energy sim., dynamic sim., dynamic thermal sim., economic analysis, finite element sim., genetic algorithm, hybrid sim., hygrothermal sim., large-eddy sim., machine learning, model predictive control, Monte Carlo sim., multi-agent sim., multi-objective optimization, network sim., neural networks, numerical sim., parametric analysis, real-time sim., sensitivity analysis, thermal sim., uncertainty analysis, virtual sim., wind tunnel test |
Enabling Technologies | BIM, virtual reality, digital twin, Modelica, GIS, EnergyPlus, TRNSYS, high performance computing, GPU, building automation |
Climatic and Environmental Context | Weather data, temperature, solar radiation, typical meteorological year |
Simulated Features | Building aerodynamics, building energy, building energy consumption, building envelope, building materials, building renovation, built environment, COVID-19, crowd simulation, daylight, demand response, energy storage, energy use, fire, green building, green roof, heat pump, high-rise building, HVAC, interior design, lighting, low-rise building, passive design, phase change material, photovoltaic, renewable energy, retrofitting, solar energy, super high-rise building, thermal energy storage, thermal insulation, thermal mass |
Rank | Keywords | ||
---|---|---|---|
Cluster 1 | Cluster 2 | Cluster 3 | |
1 | Sim. | Building sim. | Building energy sim. |
2 | High level architecture | Building performance sim. | Climate change |
3 | Architecture | Energy efficiency | Occupant behavior |
4 | Modeling | Thermal comfort | Building performance |
5 | BIM | Dynamic sim. | Building design |
6 | Distributed sim. | Energy consumption | Building energy consumption |
7 | Co-sim. | EnergyPlus | Thermal sim. |
8 | Evacuation | Building envelope | Heat transfer |
9 | Software architecture | Office building | Urban heat island |
10 | Agent-based sim. | Energy saving | Overheating |
Cluster 4 | Cluster 5 | Cluster 6 | |
1 | Energy | Building | Numerical sim. |
2 | Monte Carlo sim. | Residential building | CFD |
3 | Green building | Optimization | High-rise building |
4 | Sustainability | Daylight | Large-eddy sim. |
5 | Multi-objective optimization | HVAC | Tall building |
6 | Uncertainty analysis | Energy conservation | Finite element sim. |
7 | Genetic algorithm | Indoor air quality | Wind pressure |
8 | Renewable energy | Ventilation | Low-rise building |
9 | Solar energy | Cooling | Wind tunnel test |
10 | Life cycle assessment | Air conditioning | Wind load |
Cluster 7 | |||
1 | Computer sim. | ||
2 | Performance | ||
3 | Machine learning | ||
4 | Building energy | ||
5 | Artificial neural networks | ||
6 | Artificial intelligence | ||
7 | Deep learning | ||
8 | Computational modeling | ||
9 | Parallel architectures | ||
10 | Evaluation |
4. Discussion
Cluster # | Simulation Objectives | Simulation Techniques | Simulated Features |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Evacuation Visualization Education Risk assessment | Distributed sim. Agent-based sim. Co-simulation Discrete-event sim. Distributed interactive sim. Network sim. Hybrid sim. Multi-agent sim. Real-time sim. Virtual sim. | Built environment Fire COVID-19 Crowd simulation |
2 | Thermal comfort Natural ventilation Energy performance Monitoring NZEB | Dynamic sim. Sensitivity analysis Parametric analysis Building thermal sim. Dynamic building sim. Dynamic thermal sim. Economic analysis | Building envelope Passive design Phase change material Retrofitting Thermal insulation Heat pump Thermal mass Energy storage |
3 | Climate change Urban heat island Urban microclimate Global warming | Thermal sim. Hygrothermal sim. Computational sim. | Building energy consumption Energy use Building materials |
4 | Sustainability Life cycle assessment | Multi-objective optimization Uncertainty analysis Monte Carlo sim. Genetic algorithm Dynamic energy sim. | Green building Renewable energy Solar energy Green roof Photovoltaic Building renovation |
5 | Energy conservation Indoor air quality Visual comfort Cooling Ventilation | Model predictive control | Daylight HVAC Demand response Thermal energy storage Lighting |
6 | Wind load Turbulence Pollutant dispersion | CFD Numerical sim. Large-eddy sim. Wind tunnel test Finite element sim. Construction sim. | High-rise building Low-rise building Super high-rise building Building aerodynamics Interior design |
7 | Performance | Machine learning Artificial intelligence Deep learning Computational modeling Neural networks Circuit sim. | Building energy |
5. Limitations
6. Conclusions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
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Jamshidi, S. Simulation in the Built Environment: A Bibliometric Analysis. Metrics 2025, 2, 13. https://doi.org/10.3390/metrics2030013
Jamshidi S. Simulation in the Built Environment: A Bibliometric Analysis. Metrics. 2025; 2(3):13. https://doi.org/10.3390/metrics2030013
Chicago/Turabian StyleJamshidi, Saman. 2025. "Simulation in the Built Environment: A Bibliometric Analysis" Metrics 2, no. 3: 13. https://doi.org/10.3390/metrics2030013
APA StyleJamshidi, S. (2025). Simulation in the Built Environment: A Bibliometric Analysis. Metrics, 2(3), 13. https://doi.org/10.3390/metrics2030013