The Adoption of UAVs for Enhancing Safety in Construction Industry: A Systematic Literature Review

Abstract

The nexus between sustainability and safety in construction is crucial for improving a resilient and responsible built environment. By adhering to sustainable principles, construction practices can not only mitigate the environmental impact but also prioritize the health and safety of workers and communities. To prevent accidents and enhance safety in construction, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) are utilized for aerial inspection, site monitoring, surveying, emergency response, and training purposes. However, no systematic review has yet identified UAV deployment’s adoption, challenges, and prospects. UAVs have emerged as promising technologies for improving safety through applications such as aerial inspections, site monitoring, surveying, emergency response, and training. However, a comprehensive review of UAV adoption, challenges, and prospects in the construction industry is still lacking. To address this gap, this study conducts a systematic literature review and bibliometric analysis to examine the current state of UAV implementation in construction safety management. The analysis reveals the interconnectedness between construction, engineering disciplines, and safety management, providing a holistic overview of influential contributors and prevalent themes. Content analysis further uncovers significant barriers hindering widespread UAV implementation, emphasizing technical, regulatory, and safety concerns. This study highlights strategies for overcoming these challenges and optimizing UAV deployment to enhance safety in construction, aligning with broader principles of social sustainability.

1. Introduction

Sustainability is often conceptualized through the lens of three interdependent pillars: profit, planet, and people. Traditionally, emphasis has been placed on economic and environmental aspects, but the recent discourse increasingly acknowledges the importance of social development. Social sustainability, in particular, is closely tied to the well-being of individuals and communities, underscoring the need to improve safety measures across industries. This dimension of sustainability highlights that the protection and empowerment of people within work environments are as essential as environmental preservation and economic growth [1]. In industries like construction, where safety protocols are often inadequate, the lack of stringent safety standards significantly increases risks. This inadequacy is evident in the high incidence of both fatal and non-fatal work-related injuries [2,3,4,5]. Workers in construction often occupy a disadvantaged position socioeconomically and face disproportionately high disability and mortality rates, underscoring the critical need for improved safety as a component of social sustainability [6,7,8]. The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reported that in 2020, the construction industry accounted for 1008 fatalities, representing 21.2 percent of occupational deaths, more than any other sector, with transportation and warehousing following at 16.9 percent [9]. Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) offer significant potential to enhance worker safety in construction by enabling safer inspections, monitoring hazardous areas, and identifying risks in real time. These applications directly contribute to social sustainability by reducing injury rates and improving working conditions. Integrating robust safety measures within industries, therefore, aligns with the holistic goals of sustainability by promoting a healthier and more equitable working environment.

As Rasouli et al. [10] emphasized, the success of this industry greatly depends on the implementation of safety measures, and it is imperative to make significant efforts to address safety and health concerns within this field, given its status as one of the most perilous professions with a substantial incidence of workplace accidents. A significant revelation emerges from the Labour Force Survey (LFS) in occupational safety for the working populace. Given these alarming statistics, integrating UAV technology presents a promising solution to address workplace hazards and improve safety management. UAVs can facilitate proactive monitoring, safer inspections, and swift identification of potential risks, thereby reducing incidents and enhancing overall workplace safety. According to the self-reported data presented in the comprehensive LFS, a notable cohort comprising 561,000 workers had encounters with non-fatal injuries during the 2022–2023 period [11]. In addition to increasing efficiency and competitiveness, reducing disputes and conflicts, and increasing profitability in a shorter period of time, improving construction safety conditions offers several other benefits. All of these advantages are a direct consequence of the improved safety conditions in construction [12]. Therefore, every construction company prioritizes its employees’ health and safety [13]. To improve construction site safety management, there is an immediate need for an innovative technique, piece of equipment, or new safety management system that can effectively reduce the number of incidents and is quick, inexpensive, and simple to implement [14]. This initiative aims to improve the administration of construction site safety. The utilization of unmanned aerial vehicles has the potential to be highly effective in this field [15,16].

Unmanned aerial vehicles (also known as UAVs), are a type of technology that is progressively becoming more prevalent in the safety management of construction sites [17]. UAVs have demonstrated exceptional performance in civilian applications, such as infrastructure management (including building and infrastructure inspections), traffic surveillance, material transport (including the delivery of food, medical supplies, and packages), search and rescue operations, and security surveillance [18]. According to a study conducted by Jeelani and Gheisari [19], the construction industry has the greatest rate of UAV adoption among civilian applications [18]. Per the research of Albeaino and Gheisari [18], the increasing use of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) in construction safety management may be due to several factors, including cost-effective purchase fees, improved navigation capabilities, autonomous flying function, extended battery life, and a wide variety of onboard sensors [18]. In addition, this technology has been designated as a crucial component in digitalizing the built environment [20].

This review aims to address critical gaps in the existing research on UAV adoption for construction safety management. These gaps include the absence of integrated hazard identification systems, insufficient environmental impact assessments, incomplete cost–benefit analyses, and the underrepresentation of drones in safety training programs. The objectives of this literature review encompass four key areas of inquiry. First and foremost, we aim to provide a comprehensive scientific mapping of the existing knowledge body in the UAV adoption domain for construction safety management. This entails a comprehensive analysis of published research. Secondly, we delve into the barriers and challenges that impede the widespread integration of UAVs in construction safety management. This investigation will provide valuable insights into the practical obstacles that industry professionals face. In addition, we aspire to uncover gaps and limitations in the current body of literature, identifying areas that warrant further research and attention. This critical analysis will serve as a foundational step toward addressing and advancing the state of knowledge in the field. Lastly, we will suggest potential avenues for future research, shedding light on promising directions for enhancing construction safety management practices by incorporating UAV technology. Through these objectives, our review endeavors to contribute to a comprehensive understanding of this emerging field and provide guidance for researchers and industry practitioners. Importantly, the findings of this review paper carry substantial managerial implications. They offer insights for construction managers to develop robust hazard identification systems, conduct comprehensive environmental impact assessments, perform thorough cost–benefit analyses, update safety training programs to include drones, and overcome barriers to effectively integrating UAVs. This guidance can empower managerial decision-making, facilitating the implementation of UAV technology in construction safety management to enhance safety protocols, optimize resource allocation, and improve overall workplace safety for construction teams.

2. Contextual Background

2.1. Safety Problems and Issues in Construction Industry

The construction industry is indispensable to our society and economy. The engineering and construction industries accounted for approximately 6% of all jobs in the United States in 2018, despite having an annual expenditure of $1231 billion [19]. Nonetheless, the construction industry has a high and consistent mortality rate, making it one of the most dangerous in the economy [21]. The construction industry is responsible for approximately 20% of worker fatalities in the United States, despite comprising less than 5% of the workforce [9,21]. The mortality risk for construction employees is three to six times greater in developing nations than in developed nations [22,23].

Moreover, the costs associated with such injuries may be exorbitant. As of 2019, it is estimated that the annual cost of fatal and nonfatal injuries in the construction industry exceeds $48 billion. This cost affects the victims, their families, enterprises, and communities [19]. A recent study analyzed the potential of UAVs in enhancing construction safety, emphasizing advancements in real-time monitoring and inspection accuracy. This study shows that UAVs, with advanced imaging and sensing technologies, provide unique perspectives in complex construction settings that human inspectors might overlook, thereby helping to identify and mitigate potential hazards effectively. This capability enables a proactive approach to safety by detecting risks that could otherwise lead to incidents [24]. In addition, Cui et al. [25] underscore the importance of the structured integration of UAVs into construction safety practices. They highlight the development of a comprehensive UAV operation protocol that outlines essential safety considerations, such as best practices for flight planning, operational procedures, and data management, to ensure safe and effective use on construction sites. This protocol serves as a foundational guide for maintaining safe UAV operations within the unique challenges of construction environments [25]. There are many potential causes of injury or mortality among construction employees. On construction sites, fatal accidents typically result from four primary causes [1]: falls (33.5%), being struck by an object (11.1%), electrocution (8.5%), and entanglement (5.5%). These four causes account for over half of all construction-related fatalities (58.6%) [21,26].

However, if we are to discuss the primary reasons for the elevated mortality rate, there are two possibilities to consider. The first is that the construction industry is inherently dangerous; it entails strenuous physical labor in a constantly changing and evolving environment. Working at high heights and in proximity to potentially hazardous equipment is typical in such environments [27,28]. Additionally, it is essential to remember that the construction industry operates at a different pace than other industries and that each construction project has unique complexity and safety concerns. Employees in the construction industry may encounter more uncertain duties and risks than those in other industries with well-defined job descriptions and consistent work environments, such as those with repetitive tasks. Consequently, they are susceptible to a wide range of threats, and it is challenging to conduct comprehensive hazard assessments and implement appropriate controls for each activity [19].

UAVs, equipped with advanced imaging and sensing technologies, offer unique perspectives in complex construction settings, enabling the identification of hazards that human inspectors might overlook. Their real-time monitoring capabilities allow for proactive risk detection, reducing the likelihood of incidents [14]. Structured integration of UAVs into safety practices, as highlighted by Szóstak et al. [15], involves developing protocols for flight planning, operational procedures, and data management to ensure effective and safe use in construction environments. These advancements demonstrate the transformative potential of UAVs in mitigating risks and enhancing construction safety [14].

Statistics on construction site accidents, fatalities, and injury mechanisms are scarce in impoverished nations. In terms of workplace safety, developing nations have a dismal track record [25]. In contrast to the outcomes observed in industrialized nations, accidents in developing nations are frequently the result of a lack of knowledge about potential hazards, reckless behavior, poor working conditions, and inadequate training [21,29]. Therefore, there is a need for cutting-edge equipment or a novel system that can significantly improve construction site security management. Using unmanned aerial vehicles could be extremely beneficial.

2.2. Application of UAVs in Construction Safety

Drones, or unmanned aerial vehicles/systems (UAVs/UASs), are aircraft that fly without a human pilot. They may be operated by a human operator from a distance or function independently following their own rules or AI-based instructions [30]. Construction UAVs are becoming more popular due to their capacity to reach inaccessible or hazardous regions and do jobs in a timely and risk-free manner [26]. As a bonus, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) may be used at every step of the building process, from planning to design, construction, and cleanup. Molina and Huang [31] explored UAV applications in construction management, offering a comprehensive review of their use across various project phases. This paper meticulously examines UAVs for safety inspections, emphasizing their role in identifying potential hazards and monitoring compliance with safety protocols. Their review suggests UAVs’ pivotal role in enhancing situational awareness and ensuring timely intervention to mitigate risks [31]. Choi et al. [32] delved into UAV applications specifically in the construction industry, showcasing innovative uses such as aerial inspections, structure maintenance, and the evaluation of work progress. They illustrated how drones provide a safer alternative for conducting inspections in high-risk areas, such as tall structures or confined spaces, significantly minimizing the risk to human inspectors [32].

2.2.1. Pre-Construction Safety Applications

When executed correctly, pre-construction safety planning can help reduce risks, prevent accidents, and guarantee that construction sites are secure places to work [33]. However, there has not been much published research on UAVs yet, and it could help enhance job site safety. Alizadehsalehi et al.’s [33] research indicates that little has been written about using UAVs for safety monitoring on construction sites. The impact of unmanned aerial vehicles on risk management is not discussed.

Site mapping and surveying are two prominent pre-construction applications that could benefit greatly from using unmanned aerial systems (UAS) or drones. UAVs can save money and eradicate significantly more errors than conventional site mapping and surveying techniques [33]. UAVs may aid site planners in accumulating visual data in building process scheduling, layout, and logistics. Combined with augmented reality (AR), this technology enhances construction site operations’ pace, safety, and efficacy [34]. Gupta and Nair [35] highlighted the potential of UAVs in revolutionizing pre-construction site analysis and planning. By leveraging UAVs for aerial surveys and data collection, construction planners can obtain detailed topographical and environmental data, facilitating more informed decision-making and optimal site utilization. Their analysis underscores UAVs’ efficiency in capturing comprehensive site data, which aids in hazard identification and mitigation during the early stages of construction projects [35]. Nwaogu et al. [36] focused on strategically managing UAVs within construction safety practices, particularly in the pre-construction phase. They advocate for integrating UAV technology into safety management plans, arguing that early engagement with UAV capabilities can preemptively address potential safety challenges, thereby enhancing the overall project safety from the outset [36].

2.2.2. Real-Time Monitoring and Construction Phase Applications

Throughout the construction phase, UAVs can be utilized extensively for safety inspection, monitoring, and control at construction sites [25]. Previous research on UAVs in construction safety focused on safety inspection, monitoring, and management. Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) have the potential to transform the inspection of construction sites. Irizarry et al. [37] conducted the first study of its kind. They devised two evaluations—a technology interface analysis and user perception regarding the UAS visual assets for safety inspection—to assess the effectiveness of using UASs to support construction site safety inspections [37]. According to research conducted by Rodrigues et al. [30], unmanned aerial systems (UAS) may aid in building inspections and decision-making [29]. Irizarry et al. [37] were the first to propose using UASs for safety examinations. Subsequent research has demonstrated that when properly equipped, UASs can expedite data collection from inaccessible areas, saving time for safety managers [20]. Rodrigues et al. [30] identified three factors that can influence the performance of UASs during construction site inspection: effective workplace surveillance, straightforward problem identification, and agility in addressing potential hazards. Moreover, Gheisari and Esmaeili [15] investigated the feasibility of deploying UAVs for safety inspections using a user-centric approach. These methods included soliciting responses and opinions from safety personnel regarding using UASs in various safety-related activities. The comments of managers indicate that UAVs have the potential to improve safety monitoring and control procedures [20].

Rodrigues et al. [30] evaluated the viability of using UASs for safety inspection on construction sites, and their findings indicate that the collected data could assist the inspection process by enhancing the visibility of working conditions. According to Martinez et al. [38], previous studies on the effectiveness of UAVs primarily focused on their ability to capture recordings and images, particularly for threat detection. UAV-collected visual data may substantially reduce the time and money required to capture data manually [20]. Oliveira et al. [39] developed a smart inspection strategy utilizing unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) data and digital inspection technology. This cutting-edge method facilitates the analysis of UAS data and the production of surveillance reports [20]. In their work, Liang et al. [23] detailed how UAVs facilitate real-time monitoring and inspection during construction, providing case studies where UAVs have successfully identified safety hazards and workflow inefficiencies. They described the technical aspects of UAV operations, including flight patterns, data processing techniques, and the application of machine learning algorithms for automatic hazard detection [23].

2.2.3. Post-Construction Safety Application

Post-construction, unmanned aerial systems (UASs) are typically used for post-disaster evaluation or building maintenance [17]. According to the findings of Martinez et al. [25], UASs may be utilized to assess the devastation caused by natural disasters [25]. UASs have been used extensively for data collection in the aftermath of natural disasters, such as hurricanes, typhoons, earthquakes, tsunamis, fires, and landslides [20]. Damaged building materials, components, and failure mechanisms can all be deduced from photographs of the impacted areas. Molina and Huang [30] also covered UAV applications in the post-construction phase, particularly emphasizing UAVs’ role in post-disaster assessments and infrastructure maintenance. They presented examples where UAVs equipped with high-resolution cameras and LiDAR sensors have been instrumental in quickly assessing damage following natural disasters, providing essential data for repair and reconstruction efforts [30]. Choi et al. [32] discussed UAVs’ contribution to ongoing maintenance and inspection activities, highlighting their ability to perform regular and detailed inspections of structures to identify wear and tear or potential failures. They explored how UAVs, equipped with thermal imaging, can detect issues not visible to the naked eye, such as water infiltration or insulation failures, enabling proactive maintenance strategies [32].

2.3. Research Gap

The need for the present review arises from several research gaps in the application of UAVs in construction safety across pre-, per-, and post-construction phases. While UAVs have demonstrated potential in enhancing site mapping, hazard identification, and inspections during construction, there is limited exploration of their role in pre-construction safety planning and post-construction monitoring, particularly in proactive maintenance and long-term infrastructure resilience. Furthermore, the existing studies often focus on isolated use cases and lack a comprehensive framework integrating UAV deployment throughout the project lifecycle, particularly in real-time monitoring with AI and automated workflows. Additionally, most research is centered on large-scale projects in developed nations, neglecting the adaptability of UAVs in resource-constrained settings in developing countries. This review aims to bridge these gaps by synthesizing the current knowledge, identifying limitations, and proposing a holistic approach to UAV application in construction safety, ensuring their effective integration across all phases and diverse environments.

3. Methodology

To comprehensively explore the adoption of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) within construction safety management, as indicated in Figure 1, a systematic and rigorous methodology was employed to conduct a thorough literature review. The aim was to scrutinize the existing knowledge, identify gaps, and provide a structured analysis of pertinent research articles using keywords such as “UAV”, “unmanned aerial vehicle”, “drone”, and “construction safety”. The methodology was structured into three distinct phases: initial search strategy and keyword selection, utilization of appropriate search engines, and a meticulous screening and selection process. Each phase was designed to ensure the inclusion of relevant and credible sources while aligning with the specific focus of this literature review. The detailed methodology outlined below describes the systematic approach undertaken to achieve the objectives of this study. Moreover, Figure 1 visually illustrates the systematic approach undertaken during the literature review, showcasing the distinct phases involved in exploring UAV adoption within construction safety management.

3.1. Initial Search Strategy and Keyword Selection

A structured approach was initiated to conduct a comprehensive literature review on adopting unmanned aerial vehicles, drones, and construction safety strategies. An extensive search for pertinent articles was performed across reputable academic databases, primarily leveraging Google Scholar and Scopus. These databases were selected for their broad coverage of high-quality and multidisciplinary research. Google Scholar provides access to a diverse array of academic materials, including journal articles, conference papers, and reports, making it a versatile resource [40]. Scopus is renowned for its curated collection of peer-reviewed publications and advanced citation tracking, facilitating the identification of key research trends and influential works [41]. This phase involved meticulously selecting keywords and phrases such as “UAV”, “unmanned aerial vehicle”, “drone”, and “construction safety”, relevant to UAV integration in construction safety management, ensuring the inclusion of diverse and pertinent sources. Additionally, Boolean operators were employed, combining terms in ways such as “UAV” OR “unmanned aerial vehicle” OR “drone” AND “construction safety” OR “construction health” to capture a wide range of articles related to UAV adoption in construction safety management. The parameters included a publication timeframe from 2000 onwards, the English language, and a focus on journal articles, conference papers, and reviews within the domains of engineering and construction management. The search yielded 2268 articles, with 879 from Google Scholar and 1389 from Scopus, forming a broad initial pool to ensure the inclusion of varied perspectives and methodologies. This robust initial search strategy provided a solid foundation for the systematic review process, ensuring transparency and alignment with the PRISMA protocol.

3.2. Utilization of Search Engines

Google Scholar and Scopus were selected as primary databases due to their extensive coverage of scholarly literature across multiple disciplines [42,43]. These databases were chosen for their robustness in providing access to peer-reviewed articles, conference papers, and relevant publications on UAVs and construction safety management using the specified keywords.

3.3. Screening and Selection Process

The screening and selection process followed a comprehensive and systematic approach in accordance with the PRISMA protocol to ensure the inclusion of only the most relevant and credible studies [44,45]. Initially, a total of 2268 articles were retrieved, with 879 articles from the Web of Science and 1389 from Scopus. After an initial screening of titles and abstracts based on predefined inclusion criteria—such as relevance to UAV applications in construction safety management, publication in English, and a focus on journal articles, conference papers, and reviews from 2000 onwards—1827 articles were excluded. The exclusions were primarily due to irrelevance to construction safety, non-English language, publications before 2000, and non-peer-reviewed sources. The remaining 441 articles underwent a full-text review to further assess eligibility based on criteria like empirical or theoretical analysis of UAVs in construction safety and methodological rigor. This second phase led to the exclusion of an additional 400 articles, primarily due to a lack of focus on construction safety, absence of empirical data, or methodological limitations. Ultimately, 41 articles were selected for inclusion in the systematic review, forming a robust and relevant subset of studies that address the key trends, barriers, and challenges of UAV adoption in construction safety management. This detailed screening process ensured that the final selection was both comprehensive and aligned with the objectives of the review.

3.3.1. Criteria for Relevance

The relevance of the articles was assessed based on several predefined criteria. These included the direct application of UAVs in construction safety, the use of robust methodologies, the presence of empirical evidence, and the currency of the information. Specifically, articles were evaluated for their focus on UAV integration in construction safety management, ensuring that they contributed meaningful insights into the field. Additionally, only articles with clear methodological frameworks—such as empirical research or theoretical analyses—were included. The timeframe of the publication was also considered, with preference given to more recent studies to ensure the review reflected the current state of research.

3.3.2. Selection and Refined Subset

The systematic selection process commenced with identifying articles using the specified keywords, initially screened based on their titles and abstracts. Subsequently, a refined subset of 14 articles was selected as directly pertinent to the research objectives, meeting the criteria for inclusion in this review. This methodological approach aligns with the overarching objectives of the review, aiming to create a comprehensive scientific map of existing knowledge in the field, identify barriers and challenges, pinpoint gaps, and suggest avenues for future research related to UAV adoption in construction safety management.

3.4. Science Mapping

In this article, the methodology employed involves utilizing science mapping, a systematic approach that visualizes and analyzes the intellectual structure, patterns, and trends within a specific scientific domain. As per Chen’s [46] definition, science mapping is “a generic process of domain analysis and visualization” that uncovers its intellectual framework. The rapid development of science mapping in recent years has garnered increased scholarly attention in the field of citation analysis and visualization, propelled by advancements in information technology [47,48]. It serves as a valuable tool for illustrating significant trends and patterns within extensive bibliographic datasets [49]. The application of VOS viewer software played a crucial role in constructing and visualizing bibliometric networks, employing connection indicators such as citation, bibliographic coupling, co-citation, or co-authorship within the specified research domain [50]. This method facilitated the identification of key themes, specific concerns, and the overall representation of pertinent studies in the field. Through this analytical approach, researchers gained deeper insights and a comprehensive understanding of the subject matter across a spectrum of studies [19].

4. Discussion and Result

4.1. Result of Science Mapping

4.1.1. Citation Analysis by Journal

The findings of the citation analysis conducted on journal articles indicate a notable presence of citations about construction in the engineering field. Figure 2 indicates that Safety Science is central to the research landscape, exhibiting strong linkages to other key journals such as the Automation in Construction, Journal of Computing in Civil Engineering, Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, Journal of Management in Engineering, and the Construction Research Congress proceedings. These connections highlight the multidisciplinary nature of construction-related research, which integrates automation, safety, and computational advancements. This observation suggests a clear connection between the construction business and engineering discipline. The integration of UAVs in civil engineering and construction automation highlights their growing interdependence, enhancing efficiency and precision in various construction processes. The study of citations from journals indicates that the literature review articles are pertinent to the subject matter of this research.

In exploring construction safety practices, we delved into a network of interconnected keywords, painting a comprehensive picture of the multifaceted nature of ensuring safety in the construction industry. Figure 3 illustrates the Co-occurrence of keywords, with ‘construction safety’ positioned at the core of this network. This pivotal term is intricately linked to fundamental elements such as ‘occupational risks’, ‘safety management’, and ‘safety engineering’. These connections underscore the essence of construction safety practices—identifying and mitigating hazards, implementing safety measures, and employing engineering principles to foster a secure work environment. A prominent goal that emerges from this analysis is “accident prevention”, achieved through various means such as “risk assessment” and the utilization of cutting-edge technology like “drones”. Drones, a relatively new addition to the construction safety toolkit, are increasingly contributing to tasks like site inspections, worker monitoring, and material delivery, revolutionizing how safety is approached in the industry.

What’s particularly noteworthy is how terms like “construction safety” and “unmanned aerial vehicles” (UAVs) contribute to understanding UAV applications in construction. “Construction safety” reflects the broader goal of minimizing workplace hazards, while “unmanned aerial vehicles” signify a transformative tool in achieving this goal. UAVs enhance safety monitoring by enabling real-time surveillance, hazard detection, and data-driven decision-making—capabilities that traditional safety practices often lack. These terms together highlight the synergy between emerging technologies and established safety management principles, demonstrating the evolving nature of safety strategies in construction.

What’s particularly intriguing is the revelation of connections between “construction safety” and broader concepts such as the “construction industry” and “managers”. This suggests a growing recognition of safety as an integral aspect of the construction industry, emphasizing the need for involvement from all levels of management. Transitioning to the keyword “co-occurrence analysis”, we find that the most frequently mentioned terms include “construction industry”, “construction safety”, “unmanned aerial vehicles”, “accident prevention”, and “safety management”. This analysis crystallizes the focus of our study—management strategies for construction safety and the incorporation of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). Our exploration underscores the holistic approach needed for construction safety. Traditional practices like risk management and engineering remain indispensable, while the integration of emerging technologies, exemplified by drones, showcases the industry’s commitment to advancing safety measures. By understanding these interconnected concepts, stakeholders in the construction industry can collaboratively work towards creating safer and more secure work environments for everyone.

4.1.2. Co-Authorship Analysis by Country

Figure 4 illustrates the co-authorship analysis by country, revealing that most analyzed papers originated from the United States. Furthermore, the findings indicate that research on unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) is predominantly concentrated in developed countries such as the United States, the United Kingdom, and Australia. In contrast, the academic discourse on emerging technologies in developing countries remains underrepresented, highlighting a significant gap in the literature.

4.1.3. Co-Author Network

Based on Figure 5, the co-author network analysis indicates that Gheisari and Esmaeili [16] have contributed significantly to this topic, as shown by the most excellent publications. Following them, Irizarry et al. [37] have also made notable contributions in this field. Other renowned writers include Jeelani I., Esmaeili B., Kim S., and Costa D. B.

4.1.4. Density Map by Articles

Based on Figure 6, the analysis of article density reveals that the research conducted by Dr. Irizarry in 2012 [37], which focused on using unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) to enhance construction safety, has garnered the highest number of citations. Subsequently, Gheisari’s 2019 [16] research appears as the second most often referenced study in this domain. In addition, the articles by Gheisari in 2014 [51] and 2016 [52] and the work by Namian in 2018 [40] have received significant citation counts.

4.1.5. Trend of Publications

The findings derived from the publication trend analysis illuminate the trajectory of studies on using unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) for enhancing safety in construction from 2012 to 2023, as shown in Figure 7. The analysis reveals a substantial increase in publications, with a notable peak observed in 2022. This publication surge suggests a heightened scholarly interest and discourse during that period. Technological advancements in UAV capabilities, such as enhanced imaging systems, real-time data processing, and improved collision avoidance technologies, likely contributed significantly to this growth. Additionally, the increased adoption of UAVs by the construction industry, fueled by their proven potential to improve safety monitoring and reduce risks, may have played a pivotal role. Pivotal research breakthroughs in areas like integrating UAVs with artificial intelligence (AI) for hazard detection and exploring UAV applications in dynamic construction environments also likely acted as catalysts. The culmination of these factors likely catalyzed a surge in research endeavors, making 2022 a focal point for exploring UAVs in the context of safety management within the construction industry.

4.1.6. Institutions Collaboration Network

The institution cooperation network analysis findings demonstrate that the University of Florida Institute exhibits the highest number of links with other institutions, followed by the University of Utah, as shown in Figure 8. Other renowned institutions include RMIT University, GFA International Inc., George Mason University, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, and Northeastern University.

4.1.7. Timeline Co-Citation Map Analysis of Documents

A glimpse into the heart of our field can be gleaned from the provided timeline co-citation map. Here, articles dance across the years, connected by the invisible threads of shared citations, revealing the most influential works and the intellectual currents shaping our understanding.

Figure 9 highlights De Melo’s (2017) [41] article as the most frequently cited work, serving as a key reference point that connects multiple research themes. Its position reflects its foundational role, influencing both earlier works like Ashour and Buckeridge (2016) [42] and shaping newer directions explored by Baytas (2020) [43] and Martinez (2020) [44]. Similarly, Afman’s 2018 [45] work emerges as a powerhouse, bridging established research represented by Cavuoto (2016) [53] and Irizarry (2016) [47] with novel explorations alongside Brodie (2019) [48] and Agnisarman (2019) [49], and even practical applications evident in ArduPilot’s The Cube User Manual (2019) [50].

Intriguingly, the map pulsates with clusters, each representing vibrant communities of interconnected articles delving into specific themes. The UAS cluster on the left exemplifies this, showcasing the tight-knit nature of research in that domain—furthermore, the map whispers of the field’s evolution. Newer articles gravitate towards influential predecessors, highlighting a continuous dialogue between past and present. The cluster around De Melo’s 2017 [41] work, teeming with articles from 2019 and 2020, illustrates this ongoing conversation.

This co-citation map serves as a compass, guiding us through the intricate landscape of our field. It illuminates the towering figures, unveils thematic constellations, and whispers of the ever-evolving conversation that shapes our collective understanding. By deciphering its language, we gain a deeper appreciation for the intellectual foundation upon which we build the vibrant dialogues that shape our present and the exciting possibilities that beckon on the horizon.

4.1.8. Timeline Co-Occurrence Map of Keywords Analysis

The integrated timeline co-occurrence map paints a compelling narrative of the construction industry’s growing reliance on unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) to enhance safety practices. The steady rise in UAV adoption, as indicated by prevalent terms such as “drone technology”, “unmanned aerial systems”, and “unmanned aerial vehicles”, aligns with the industry’s increasing focus on accident prevention and overall risk management, as shown in Figure 10. Notably, the map highlights the pivotal role of real-time data and monitoring, with terms like “real-time videos”, “construction projects”, and “UAVs” suggesting the utilization of UAVs for live data capture, contributing to improved safety monitoring and progress tracking. The integration of advanced technologies like “artificial intelligence”, “computer vision”, and “deep neural networks” with UAV-related terms reflects a concerted effort to enhance UAV capabilities for safety applications.

Examining the timeline reveals key milestones in the evolution of UAV usage in construction. The heightened attention in 2012 marked the beginning of widespread interest, followed by the emergence of UAVs at building job sites around 2013. The years 2016 and 2018 witnessed substantial discourse on accident prevention, safety measures, and the construction of antennas. Importantly, 2023 signifies a shift in focus towards exploring decision theory within the context of UAV applications in construction safety management. This comprehensive analysis underscores the multifaceted nature of UAV integration, emphasizing technological advancements and the evolving discourse around safety, communication, and decision-making in the construction domain.

4.1.9. Citation Bursts Analysis

The comprehensive analysis of citation surges over eleven years, from 2012 to 2023, reveals intriguing trends within an unidentified field of study, particularly emphasizing the burgeoning significance of construction and worker safety. The presented figure (Figure 11) showcases the top 10 keywords experiencing intense bursts of citations, pointing towards a thematic cluster that centers on construction safety research. Notably, the concentration of citation bursts during 2020 and 2021, possibly influenced by the global COVID-19 outbreak, underscores the heightened attention toward worker safety protocols and optimization during this period. Concurrently, keywords highlighting the influence of novel technologies, such as unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), suggest their expanding significance within the construction sector. Subsequent citation surges analysis further identifies UAVs, occupational risks, aerial vehicles, and health risks as the trendiest topics with lasting effects from 2021 to 2023, with UAVs exhibiting the greatest strength. This confluence of data presents a compelling opportunity to underscore the growing prominence of construction safety research, emphasizing the need for continued focus and resource allocation. Additionally, it opens avenues for a stimulating discussion on the transformative potential of emerging technologies, like UAVs, within the construction industry. It encourages contemplating potential avenues for future research endeavors, ensuring sustained progress and innovation in this vital field [38,39].

4.2. Result of Content Analysis

4.2.1. Identification of Barriers

Due to the novelty of the technology, the widespread use of UAVs for construction safety is hampered by several obstacles. These impediments may obstruct the progress of construction safety management or make unmanned aerial vehicles a threat to the safety of construction workers. Therefore, it is crucial to eliminate obstacles.

After a comprehensive literature search disclosed the obstacles to be surmounted, they were ranked according to the frequency with which each is mentioned in the cited works. Technical (mentioned 42 times), safety (described 22 times), and legal requirements (17 times) are the three most frequently cited categories of obstacles (Table 1). The literature indicates that the top six obstacles are as follows: weather, collision, legal restrictions, battery technology, training requirements, and piloting expertise.

To address collision risks, improvements in UAV design, such as the integration of advanced collision avoidance systems or the development of lighter, more durable frames, could mitigate potential safety hazards. Additionally, enhanced training protocols and simulations for UAV operators can reduce human errors and improve piloting expertise, ensuring safer operations on construction sites. Similarly, addressing weather conditions might involve investing in more weather-resistant drones equipped with sensors to monitor environmental factors. For battery technology, research into more efficient battery life or alternative power sources could help extend operational time. Lastly, refining regulatory frameworks and creating standardized safety protocols can address legal restrictions, facilitating the smoother deployment of UAVs on construction sites [54].

Table 1. Barriers to UAVs’ adoption.

	Barriers	Subbarriers	Definition	References
				1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14
B1	Safety	Collision	UAVs may hit employees, building site obstacles, or structures, causing accidents.	√	√	√	√				√		√	√	√	√	√
B2		Engineering errors	Hardware errors: weak connections and faulty electronics. Software errors: Algorithm flaws. These flaws may lead UAVs to fly uncontrollably, wander, or halt.	√						√	√
B3		Human errors	Navigation and planning may lead to flaws. Navigation mistakes endanger pilots. Low battery or sensor connection are planning errors. Human errors may generate unplanned UAV movement and safety hazards. Over familiarity with aircraft controls frequently causes it.	√						√	√
B4		Distraction	UAVs may disrupt work and cause accidents by distracting employees.	√						√						√
B5		Cyberattacks	GPS and Wifi let UAVs navigate and communicate with safety management. GPS and Wifi are hackable. GPS spoofing attempts have caused UAVs to lose control.	√
B6		Emissions	Dust and particles from UAVs may harm employees.	√
B7	Environmental	Weather condition	High winds, heavy rain, snow, or fog may cause UAVs to response incorrectly and injuring workers.	√	√	√	√	√			√		√	√	√	√	√
B8		Light	UAVs perform poorly in darkness.				√					√			√		√
B9	Regulations	Law limitation	UAV laws restrict height and application complexity. ANAC’s 60-m flying altitude restriction in the US prevented the use in several roof projects.		√	√	√		√		√	√		√	√	√	√
B10		Invasion of privacy	Accidentally exceeding flying altitude may violate privacy laws. Construction may be penalized for privacy infringement.								√
B11		Lack of safety regulations	On construction sites, there are lack of rules regulating UAVs’ safe distance from people and equipment.		√		√				√				√		√
B12	Technical	Limited to certain types of project	UAVs are only ideal for multilevel, tall, or huge building projects.		√				√			√			√		√
B13		Technology of battery	Gas turbine engines and internal combustion engines emit noise and emissions, hydrogen fuel batteries create heat, and solar power requires huge wings, making it unsuitable for tiny UAVs.		√		√			√			√	√	√	√
B14		Signal interference	Signals may disrupt UAV navigation.		√											√
B15		Low quality of visual sensor	Low-quality UAV vision sensors may gather poor data.	√							√			√		√
B16		Restricted area	UAVs struggle in restricted spaces, indoor projects, and complex building sites.	√	√	√					√			√			√
B17		Limited flight time	The battery of UAVs cannot afford them to fly a very long time.			√	√	√	√
B18		Training requirement	Safety managers and pilots need rigorous training and certification to use UAVs.		√	√					√	√		√	√	√
B19		Piloting skills	Drone pilots must be skilled and fast to respond to incidents. However, construction workers lack skills.	√	√	√					√	√		√			√
B20	Data collection and analysis	Large database	UAVs can collect many visual assets that create large data base that contain too much information.			√	√								√
B21		Complex data analysis	The large visual assets need to be analyzed by human, which is complex and difficult.			√
B22		Modeling quality requirements	Building Information Model quality can greatly affect the inspection results and influence the data analysis.				√
B23	Financial	Large cost of acquisition	The initial investment of unmanned aerial system is too high.		√				√			√		√	√		√
B24		Resources to maintenance	UAV maintenance is expensive. UAS LIDAR costs 10–20 times more than manned craft.						√			√		√
B25		Training cost	Safety managers and pilots need to be trained, and the training fee is high.									√
B26		Data processing software	The subscription of data processing software is expensive.									√		√
B27	Dynamic interactions	UAVs and workers	UAVs cannot communicate with employees. UAVs can communicate on jobsites via visual and audio systems.		√	√					√			√	√		√
B28		UAVs and safety observer	UAVs should enhance immediate feedback with safety observer to ensure an immediate guidance to avoid accidents		√	√					√			√	√		√
B29	Acceptance	Unawareness of using UAVs	UAVs in construction safety management are unknown to many workers, particularly in developing countries.		√				√		√	√			√		√
B30		Invasion of privacy	Some employees think their face, building, surroundings, and neighbours are being photographed, violating their privacy.								√	√
B31		Resistance to new technologies	Some stakeholders and management reject new technology adoption. Some developing nations fear high-tech failure.			√								√
B32		Integration with project safety management system	Unmanned aerial systems may not integrate with project safety management systems.			√			√			√
B33		Unstructured unmanned aerial vehicle system	Some construction companies use UAVs, but their safety management system is insufficient.			√

Note: 1 = [55]; 2 = [56]; 3 = [57]; 4 = [58]; 5 = [59]; 6 = [46]; 7 = [60]; 8 = [61]; 9 = [62]; 10 = [63]; 11 = [41]; 12 = [64]; 13 = [65]; 14 = [66].

Table 1. Barriers to UAVs’ adoption.

	Barriers	Subbarriers	Definition	References
				1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14
B1	Safety	Collision	UAVs may hit employees, building site obstacles, or structures, causing accidents.	√	√	√	√				√		√	√	√	√	√
B2		Engineering errors	Hardware errors: weak connections and faulty electronics. Software errors: Algorithm flaws. These flaws may lead UAVs to fly uncontrollably, wander, or halt.	√						√	√
B3		Human errors	Navigation and planning may lead to flaws. Navigation mistakes endanger pilots. Low battery or sensor connection are planning errors. Human errors may generate unplanned UAV movement and safety hazards. Over familiarity with aircraft controls frequently causes it.	√						√	√
B4		Distraction	UAVs may disrupt work and cause accidents by distracting employees.	√						√						√
B5		Cyberattacks	GPS and Wifi let UAVs navigate and communicate with safety management. GPS and Wifi are hackable. GPS spoofing attempts have caused UAVs to lose control.	√
B6		Emissions	Dust and particles from UAVs may harm employees.	√
B7	Environmental	Weather condition	High winds, heavy rain, snow, or fog may cause UAVs to response incorrectly and injuring workers.	√	√	√	√	√			√		√	√	√	√	√
B8		Light	UAVs perform poorly in darkness.				√					√			√		√
B9	Regulations	Law limitation	UAV laws restrict height and application complexity. ANAC’s 60-m flying altitude restriction in the US prevented the use in several roof projects.		√	√	√		√		√	√		√	√	√	√
B10		Invasion of privacy	Accidentally exceeding flying altitude may violate privacy laws. Construction may be penalized for privacy infringement.								√
B11		Lack of safety regulations	On construction sites, there are lack of rules regulating UAVs’ safe distance from people and equipment.		√		√				√				√		√
B12	Technical	Limited to certain types of project	UAVs are only ideal for multilevel, tall, or huge building projects.		√				√			√			√		√
B13		Technology of battery	Gas turbine engines and internal combustion engines emit noise and emissions, hydrogen fuel batteries create heat, and solar power requires huge wings, making it unsuitable for tiny UAVs.		√		√			√			√	√	√	√
B14		Signal interference	Signals may disrupt UAV navigation.		√											√
B15		Low quality of visual sensor	Low-quality UAV vision sensors may gather poor data.	√							√			√		√
B16		Restricted area	UAVs struggle in restricted spaces, indoor projects, and complex building sites.	√	√	√					√			√			√
B17		Limited flight time	The battery of UAVs cannot afford them to fly a very long time.			√	√	√	√
B18		Training requirement	Safety managers and pilots need rigorous training and certification to use UAVs.		√	√					√	√		√	√	√
B19		Piloting skills	Drone pilots must be skilled and fast to respond to incidents. However, construction workers lack skills.	√	√	√					√	√		√			√
B20	Data collection and analysis	Large database	UAVs can collect many visual assets that create large data base that contain too much information.			√	√								√
B21		Complex data analysis	The large visual assets need to be analyzed by human, which is complex and difficult.			√
B22		Modeling quality requirements	Building Information Model quality can greatly affect the inspection results and influence the data analysis.				√
B23	Financial	Large cost of acquisition	The initial investment of unmanned aerial system is too high.		√				√			√		√	√		√
B24		Resources to maintenance	UAV maintenance is expensive. UAS LIDAR costs 10–20 times more than manned craft.						√			√		√
B25		Training cost	Safety managers and pilots need to be trained, and the training fee is high.									√
B26		Data processing software	The subscription of data processing software is expensive.									√		√
B27	Dynamic interactions	UAVs and workers	UAVs cannot communicate with employees. UAVs can communicate on jobsites via visual and audio systems.		√	√					√			√	√		√
B28		UAVs and safety observer	UAVs should enhance immediate feedback with safety observer to ensure an immediate guidance to avoid accidents		√	√					√			√	√		√
B29	Acceptance	Unawareness of using UAVs	UAVs in construction safety management are unknown to many workers, particularly in developing countries.		√				√		√	√			√		√
B30		Invasion of privacy	Some employees think their face, building, surroundings, and neighbours are being photographed, violating their privacy.								√	√
B31		Resistance to new technologies	Some stakeholders and management reject new technology adoption. Some developing nations fear high-tech failure.			√								√
B32		Integration with project safety management system	Unmanned aerial systems may not integrate with project safety management systems.			√			√			√
B33		Unstructured unmanned aerial vehicle system	Some construction companies use UAVs, but their safety management system is insufficient.			√

Note: 1 = [55]; 2 = [56]; 3 = [57]; 4 = [58]; 5 = [59]; 6 = [46]; 7 = [60]; 8 = [61]; 9 = [62]; 10 = [63]; 11 = [41]; 12 = [64]; 13 = [65]; 14 = [66].

4.2.2. Existing Gaps and Potential Future Works

While the current body of research on the adoption of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) in construction safety management provides valuable insights into their applications and challenges, several critical gaps remain that warrant further investigation. Existing studies primarily focus on the real-time monitoring of worker movements but often lack integrated systems that enable immediate hazard identification. For instance, incorporating AI-based hazard detection algorithms, such as computer vision or machine learning models trained on construction site data, could significantly enhance the ability to detect potential safety risks in real time. Additionally, while some research touches on cost reductions through UAV implementation, there is a clear absence of comprehensive evaluations of the broader financial implications, including long-term operational costs and the return on investment (ROI). Another underexplored area is the environmental impact of drone usage on construction sites, with limited research addressing factors such as carbon emissions, noise pollution, and disturbances to wildlife. Furthermore, the potential for UAVs to enhance safety training for workers has not been sufficiently investigated. While literature catalogs the impediments to UAV adoption, there is limited research exploring the interaction between these factors and how they collectively influence the effectiveness of UAV implementation. Privacy concerns, especially in the context of continuous drone monitoring on construction sites, have not been adequately addressed in the literature.

Future research in this area should aim to integrate advanced algorithms, such as AI-based hazard detection, to enable real-time identification of safety risks based on worker behavior, site conditions, and environmental factors. Additionally, conducting comprehensive environmental impact assessments of drone usage is necessary to evaluate their potential effects on carbon emissions, noise levels, and wildlife disturbance. A deeper examination of the economic viability of UAVs in construction safety, including long-term cost savings and ROI, would be valuable for understanding their financial implications. Research should also focus on the integration of UAVs into safety training programs, to assess their effectiveness in improving worker preparedness and awareness. Furthermore, exploring the interaction of critical factors such as weather conditions, battery life, and sensor technology could help optimize drone performance in construction environments. Finally, developing privacy protection measures and guidelines for continuous drone monitoring is essential to address the ethical and legal concerns surrounding data privacy in the use of UAVs in construction safety management.

4.3. In-Depth Discussion

The synthesis of science mapping and content analysis techniques offers a comprehensive perspective on integrating unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) in construction safety management. Science mapping illuminates the interconnection between the construction industry and engineering disciplines, focusing substantially on civil engineering and construction automation journals. Notably, keyword co-occurrence reveals pivotal themes like construction safety, UAVs, accident prevention, and safety management, showcasing the core concerns within this domain. Moreover, the co-authorship analysis underscores influential contributors such as Gheisari and Esmaeili [16] and Irizarry et al. [37], signifying their significant impact. However, the prevalence of studies from developed nations like the United States, the United Kingdom, and Australia hints at an underrepresentation of insights from emerging economies in discussions about emerging technologies in construction safety.

This paper attempts to bridge the gap between theory and practice by using a systematic literature review and bibliometric analysis to identify the current state of UAV adoption and its challenges. While it provides a solid theoretical foundation, the practical application of these findings requires further articulation to fully address implementation considerations in real-world scenarios.

The extensive content analysis pinpoints multifaceted barriers impeding the widespread implementation of UAVs in construction safety practices, highlighting recurring themes such as technical challenges, safety concerns, and legal constraints that underscore the complexities of deploying UAVs effectively. Issues such as weather conditions affecting UAV operations, limitations in battery technology, regulatory hurdles, and the need for extensive training and expertise underscore the nuanced and layered nature of these impediments. However, the relationships between these barriers remain largely unexplored in the literature, indicating a need for future studies to investigate their interactions and combined impacts on UAV deployment.

4.3.1. Safety Concerns

Safety, as one of the most pressing concerns, emerges repeatedly in literature. Collisions—whether with employees, site obstacles, or structures—pose serious risks, emphasizing the critical need for enhanced safety measures and protocols in UAV deployment. Engineering and human errors further contribute to these risks, potentially resulting in uncontrollable UAV movements that endanger both devices and personnel on the construction site. Addressing these safety concerns is therefore paramount to the successful adoption of UAVs for construction safety monitoring.

4.3.2. Regulatory Challenges

Another significant barrier warranting in-depth discussion is the regulatory landscape surrounding UAV usage. Legal limitations, height restrictions, and complex application requirements consistently appear as critical obstacles. The literature underscores how these regulatory challenges impact UAV versatility and applicability in specific construction scenarios. For example, ANAC’s 60 m altitude restriction in the U.S. poses limitations on certain construction tasks, such as roof inspections, directly impacting the practicality of UAV deployment in these settings. Overcoming these regulatory hurdles is essential to unlock the full potential of UAVs and to ensure compliance across diverse construction environments.

4.3.3. Technical Barriers

Technical challenges, including limitations in project suitability, battery constraints, and signal interference, also require closer examination to understand their operational implications for UAV use in construction safety management. Exploring why some projects may not accommodate UAV integration or how battery advancements could alleviate current constraints adds depth to understanding the technical landscape. Signal interference, in particular, poses a risk to UAV navigation, potentially compromising on-site safety. Identifying strategies to mitigate these technical challenges is instrumental in supporting the effective and sustainable integration of UAVs in construction safety practices.

While the current discussion section offers a broad overview of the barriers identified through content analysis, further exploration of specific challenges—such as safety, regulatory, and technical hurdles—would provide a clearer understanding of why these barriers are critical for UAV adoption in construction safety.

4.4. Interrelationships Among the Identified Barriers

To demonstrate the interrelationships among the found barriers, a thorough analysis based on literary research was conducted, which resulted in the tabulation of these relationships in

Table 2. Interrelationships existing among the identified UAV barriers.

Barrier	Influenced Barrier	Barrier	Influenced Barrier
B1	B2, B21	B16	B23
B2	B17, B18, B3	B17	B18, B24
B3	B2	B18	B27
B4	B13, B25	B19	B20, B25
B5	B12	B20	B21
B6	B13, B16	B21	B31
B7	B14	B22	B23, B24
B8	B10, B9	B23	B17
B9	B29	B24	B17
B10	B15	B25	B20
B11	B30	B26	B30
B12	B16	B27	B30
B13	B14	B28	B29
B14	B21	B30	B31
B15	B8	B31	B30

. Notably, only the barriers influencing the others are reported. In other words, those which would not impact any barriers are not reported in the table.

As can be seen, each row represents a barrier (left column) and the barriers it influences (right column)—for example, B1 influences B2 and B21. As one may notice, B2 influences the highest number of barriers, including B3, B17, and B18; since they influence operational efficiency, regulatory compliance, and data accuracy, human mistakes (B2) significantly hinder UAV acceptance in building safety management. These mistakes result from different elements, including distraction (B3), insufficient training (B17), and poor piloting skills (B18), all of which help to explain UAV-related failures, including flight accidents, data errors, and safety hazards. While inadequate training and piloting abilities can cause mismanagement of UAV operations, regulatory violations, and ineffective safety monitoring, distraction among UAV operators can lead to poor decision-making [67]. Furthermore, human mistakes complicate the integration of UAV technology into current project safety management systems, generating more opposition to adoption. Dealing with this difficulty calls for advanced training programs to raise UAV operator proficiency, artificial intelligence-assisted flight automation to lessen reliance on human decision-making, and better user interfaces that lower complexity in UAV operation [10]. Furthermore, enforcing certification and regulatory systems guarantees that only qualified experts operate UAVs in settings of great relevance for safety. Reducing human mistakes helps to increase UAV dependability, lower operational risks, and raise adoption rates in construction safety management, creating safer and more effective building sites [68].

5. Conclusions

The integration of UAVs in construction safety management offers a promising avenue for enhancing safety protocols in the industry. Our analysis unveiled the multifaceted landscape encompassing UAV deployment’s adoption, challenges, and future prospects. Science mapping illuminated the interconnectedness between construction, engineering disciplines, and safety management, offering a comprehensive overview of influential contributors and prevalent themes. Furthermore, the content analysis highlighted significant barriers hindering the widespread implementation of UAVs, emphasizing technical, regulatory, and safety concerns. Recognizing these challenges and gaps is crucial to charting a roadmap for more effective and safer UAV assimilation in construction practices.

This exploration of existing literature underscores the pressing need for a holistic approach in leveraging UAVs for construction safety. While technological advancements propel UAV capabilities, considerations for environmental impact, regulatory frameworks, and comprehensive safety protocols must complement their integration. Integrating state-of-the-art algorithms to enhance real-time hazard identification and ensuring an eco-conscious approach to UAV deployment is critical in advancing construction safety practices. Moreover, addressing the gaps identified in this study, such as integrating diverse technological solutions and environmental considerations, will be pivotal in ensuring a more robust, adaptive, and effective safety management system. Also, based on the causal loop developed, it was seen that the human errors (B2) barrier has the highest number of influences on the others.

The findings presented here indicate current challenges and serve as a guidepost for future research directions. Understanding the limitations and gaps in current studies provides a launching pad for further exploration. Specific areas for future inquiry include the development of UAV training programs to enhance operator proficiency, the creation of adaptable regulatory frameworks that balance innovation with safety, the development of cause-and-effect relationships among the drivers and barriers using experts’ points of view, and the exploration of ways to reduce accident rates through UAV adoption. Moreover, inclusive studies encompassing insights from emerging economies and the global construction industry will enrich the discourse, leading to more diverse perspectives and comprehensive strategies for UAV integration. Embracing these opportunities will pave the way for a safer, technologically enriched, and environmentally conscious future in construction safety management.