Sustainability in Civil Construction: Study of Companies in Mossoró, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil

Abstract

The growing relevance of sustainable practices has driven organizations from various sectors to adapt their activities to current socio-environmental demands. In the construction sector, this demand is even more pronounced due to the high consumption of natural resources and the significant generation of solid waste. However, questions remain about the extent to which companies in this sector understand and incorporate sustainable practices into their routines. This study investigates the level of knowledge and the adoption of sustainable practices by residential building construction companies registered with the Civil Construction Industry Union of Mossoró/RN. A qualitative-quantitative approach was adopted, using questionnaires and photographic records collected during on-site visits. The data reveal an incipient adoption of Environmental Management Systems (EMSs) and limited knowledge about ESG principles, highlighting structural and cultural barriers to sustainability in the sector. Nevertheless, isolated initiatives related to waste reduction and the adoption of more efficient practices were observed. The study concludes that strengthening technical training, promoting management systems, and aligning with contemporary demands are relevant strategies to foster sustainability and competitiveness in the construction sector.

1. Introduction

In the current economic scenario, organizations have focused their efforts on maximizing productivity and competitiveness, enhancing their positions in the market. Global discussions that recognize humans as agents of environmental transformation have been expanding in scope, reflecting the growing commitment of organizations to practices aligned with sustainable development. This concept, consolidated over the past few decades, demands an active stance from organizations regarding environmental issues, requiring not only compliance with regulations but also the integration of practices that reduce the negative impacts of their operations [1].

Since the Industrial Revolution, environmental degradation has increased significantly, driven by population growth, higher consumption, and the expansion of the production of goods and services. This process has resulted in profound changes to natural ecosystems and urban quality of life, highlighting the need for more sustainable management of natural resources [2]. The pursuit of sustainable development, consolidated over the years, requires organizations to continuously adapt their management and operations to meet the demands of the contemporary reality. In this context, the adoption of sustainable practices by companies has become a strategic element, capable of promoting resource efficiency, reducing waste, and minimizing environmental impacts, in addition to meeting the growing demands of consumers for transparency and environmental responsibility [3].

The construction industry, in particular, is recognized as one of the sectors with the greatest environmental impact, due to the high consumption of natural resources, generation of solid waste, and greenhouse gas emissions. This sector plays a central role in the global economy but faces significant challenges in incorporating sustainable practices into its processes [4]. The implementation of Environmental Management Systems (EMSs) and the adoption of ESG (environmental, social, governance) principles have emerged as key strategies to achieve these goals, promoting energy efficiency, proper waste management, and conscious use of natural resources—crucial elements for sustainability in this sector [5,6].

In Brazil, the awareness of the importance of adopting ESG-related practices is still relatively recent for both companies and the government. A survey conducted in 2021 by the Brazilian Financial and Capital Markets Association (ANBIMA) highlighted the growth of this trend. Among the 265 asset managers interviewed, 86% stated that the ESG topic has gained prominence over the past 12 months, while 90% believe that its relevance is expected to increase or intensify over the next month’s [3].

The adoption of sustainable practices still faces significant challenges in specific regional contexts, such as in medium-sized cities like Mossoró, in the state of Rio Grande do Norte (RN). Although the city is the second largest in Rio Grande do Norte, standing out as an important regional development hub, it has economic and social characteristics distinct from those of large metropolitan areas [7]. Mossoró has experienced accelerated economic growth, with the service and construction sectors playing crucial roles in this process. Its urban configuration, initially predominantly horizontal, has been transforming with the increasing verticalization, especially in the central and adjacent areas [8]. This dynamism is driven by the appreciation of peripheral regions and the growing demand for real estate developments, such as gated communities. This expansion scenario reflects local economic progress and the need for infrastructure and housing projects, solidifying Mossoró as a center of urban and economic development in the state. However, the city still faces technological limitations, financial constraints, and lack of training, factors that hinder the implementation of effective environmental policies. Despite these challenges, there is a growing interest in adopting sustainable practices, driven by changes in consumer preferences and regulatory pressure [9,10].

With the advancement of Mossoró’s economic development, the construction industry has gained increasing importance, and environmental aspects have become more relevant. In this context, this study aims to analyze the level of knowledge and the adoption of sustainable practices by construction companies involved in residential building construction, associated with the Mossoró/RN Construction Industry Union, focusing on environmental management indicators and ESG principles. This research seeks to generate detailed information on sustainable practices adopted in the construction industry in Mossoró/RN, addressing a context that is still underexplored in the literature. By investigating the particularities of the sector in the region, it is expected to identify the main barriers and factors that facilitate the adoption of these practices, providing support for the development of more effective public policies and for defining business strategies that promote sustainability in a more integrated and efficient manner.

2. Integration Between EMS, ESG, and Environmental Legislation

In light of the intense adverse socio-environmental effects present in contemporary society, corporate concern for the environment has also become a matter of great importance, influencing their business strategies. This highlights that environmental awareness emerged with the structuring of the foundations of environmental management, especially in the 1980s, with the implementation of the National Environmental Policy (PNMA) and the formation of Environmental Management Systems [11]. Environmental management began to take shape during the Industrial Revolution, with preservationist roots that evolved until the end of World War II. In the following years, science began to influence the debate, leading to the creation of entities such as the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) in 1948 and the World Wildlife Fund (WWF) in 1960, which contributed to the movement in developed countries [12,13,14].

In the 1970s, ecology started to be addressed by the state, culminating at the Stockholm Conference in 1972 [15]. In 1987, the Brundtland Report reinforced the inseparability of the economy and the environment, laying the foundation for the concept of sustainable development [16]. In Brazil, the 1980s marked the introduction of environmental and scientific processes, culminating in the National Environmental Policy of 1981 and the 1988 Federal Constitution, which defined a balanced environment as a right [17,18]. The Rio 92 conference in 1992 was a milestone in environmental management, establishing Agenda 21 and other important agreements for sustainable development [19].

In this context, Environmental Management Systems (EMSs) emerged as a response to the growing social and economic pressures for more sustainable business practices. In 1992, the United Kingdom introduced the first formal system, the BS 7750 standard, which established specific requirements for the implementation of EMS in industrial organizations [20]. Later, in 1996, the ISO 14001 standard was launched by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), establishing a global standard for Environmental Management Systems [21]. This standard was reviewed and updated in 2015, incorporating a high-level structure that facilitates integration with other management systems, such as those for quality and safety [22]. In addition to these, other EMS models exist, such as the EMAS (Eco-Management and Audit Scheme), created by the European Union, which is voluntary and aims to promote continuous environmental improvements in European organizations [23]. These systems aim to ensure that organizations not only meet regulatory requirements but also integrate sustainability into their daily operations, promoting a proactive and systematic approach to environmental management.

Barbieri (2023) [1] defines environmental management as a set of practices, processes, and strategies employed by organizations, governments, and society to plan, coordinate, monitor, and control human activities in relation to the environment. This management involves identifying and assessing environmental impacts, setting sustainability goals and objectives, implementing preventive and mitigation measures, seeking environmentally responsible solutions, and continuously monitoring to ensure regulatory compliance and ongoing improvement. The adoption of environmental practices within organizations has evolved over the years, as highlighted by Barbieri (2023) [1], through informal, formal, and proactive stages. According to the author, these phases represent a maturity trajectory in organizational environmental management. In the informal stage, companies typically adopt reactive measures, responding only to environmental incidents or external pressures. In the formal stage, the focus shifts to compliance with environmental regulations and standards, reflecting a more structured commitment to sustainability. Finally, in the proactive stage, organizations embrace a voluntary and strategic approach to environmental issues, aiming not only to comply with, but also to exceed legal expectations. This progression underscores the growing awareness of the importance of environmental management and its integration into companies’ daily operations, contributing to environmental preservation and the creation of sustainable value.

In Brazil, the adoption of Environmental Management Systems (EMSs) is voluntary, as established by the ISO 14001 standard, which serves as the primary reference for companies seeking to integrate environmental practices into their operations. Although not mandatory, the implementation of these systems is strongly encouraged by factors such as environmental regulations, market demands, consumer pressure for more sustainable practices, and the need to meet export criteria for international markets. This voluntary approach allows companies to adopt environmental practices strategically, promoting continuous improvements in environmental performance, reducing impacts, and increasing efficiency in the use of natural resources, while also strengthening their reputation and competitiveness in the global market [22].

According to Bittencourt and Nossa (2024) [24], managers have already acknowledged the importance of developing a clearly defined corporate strategy for sustainability, yet they face significant challenges in formulating and implementing an effective action plan. The implementation of a sustainability strategy is particularly necessary given that each company has unique characteristics, such as its sector of activity, organizational structure, internal processes, capabilities, business policies, stakeholder interests, market dynamics, and external environmental influences, among other factors. Gomes (2018) [25] emphasizes that there is evidence indicating that companies with greater growth potential have more opportunities to implement sustainable practices in their operations. This perspective is supported by Kitsios et al. (2020) [26], who explain that larger companies are more subject to stakeholder scrutiny, which encourages the adoption of sustainable measures. They argue that companies tend to voluntarily adopt sustainable practices due to the intangible value generated by these actions, such as innovation, commission gains, and enhanced market competitiveness.

Strong financial performance not only represents opportunities for investors but also enhances a company’s ability to improve its environmental and social performance. In addition, socially responsible actions aimed at reducing costs and information asymmetries can generate positive financial outcomes [24]. In this context, the involvement of top management plays a key role in the success of environmental initiatives, as highlighted by Sanches (2000) [27]. The implementation of structured systems, such as the Environmental Management System (EMS) defined by ISO 14001, is essential to promote environmental efficiency and ensure sustainable business management and practices, regardless of the organization’s sector or size [28].

Environmental Quality Management Systems (EQMSs) are sets of practices and processes established to help organizations control and improve the environmental performance of their activities. These systems aim not only to ensure compliance with environmental legislation but also to promote proactive and sustainable management of natural resources, minimizing the negative impacts of business operations. Among the most well-known and widely used models is ISO 14001, developed by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), which provides guidelines for implementing an effective EQMS. ISO 14001 is globally recognized as a voluntary standard that helps organizations identify, control, and reduce environmental impacts. Additionally, its adoption contributes to meeting legal requirements, reducing operational costs, and strengthening institutional image, fostering an organizational culture focused on sustainability [22].

Environmental management, in turn, focuses on complying with legal requirements established by environmental regulations and regulatory bodies, rather than integrating it as a competitive strategy. Although compliance with legislation is essential for the continuity of operations, many companies still fail to recognize the added value of sustainable practices [29]. In Brazil, environmental licensing is the primary tool for controlling and monitoring potentially polluting activities, as outlined in the National Environmental Policy (Law No. 6938/1981). This process is regulated by the National Environmental Council (CONAMA) and involves stages such as preliminary, installation, and operational licensing, requiring the submission of technical studies and reports that demonstrate the environmental feasibility of the project [30,31]. Compliance with these requirements is essential to ensure that productive activities are aligned with environmental standards and contribute to minimizing negative impacts on the environment.

In parallel, the concept of ESG (environmental, social, governance) emerged as a complement to the Environmental Management System (EMS), highlighting sustainable management as a response to the growing global demands for sustainability. These systems not only promote responsible practices, such as recycling and the rational use of natural resources, but also reflect the engagement of financial institutions and international organizations, driven by milestones such as the Paris Agreement [32]. In Brazil, although ESG is often translated as EMS, it is important to distinguish governance from management: while governance establishes the guidelines, management is responsible for executing the practices. This integration reinforces companies’ commitment to mitigating environmental risks, conserving resources, and adopting the triple bottom line approach, which is vital for ensuring sustainability and competitiveness in today’s market [5].

Companies are being challenged to review their operations and strategies in order to remain competitive in the market. According to Ferreira et al. (2023) [33], many organizations adopt ESG criteria to add value to their businesses, with a focus on good governance, transparency, and environmental improvement. However, they still primarily concentrate on the environmental dimension, without effectively mitigating impacts, and invest little in the social and governance dimensions. Studies by Fernandes and Rezende (2020) [28] show that companies with adequate structures achieve results in terms of profitability, social responsibility, and reduction in tax-related issues, highlighting that a better balance among the three ESG pillars generates positive returns.

In this scenario, the transformations in industrial activities, driven by environmental awareness and stricter regulations, reflect the need for compliance with outdated business practices. The implementation of EMSs (Environmental Management Systems) provides companies with a tool to meet current legislation, ensuring internal organization and compliance with global standards. Furthermore, the integration of Environmental Law into Brazil’s legal framework, consolidated by the Federal Constitution of 1988, establishes normative bases and systems such as the National System of the Environment (SISNAMA), which coordinates public and private entities to promote the National Environmental Policy (PNMA) and coordinate environmental actions at all levels of government. The National Environmental Council (CONAMA) is responsible for formulating environmental policies and guidelines, as well as developing standards and regulations, such as those related to environmental licensing, to structure environmental protection [30,31]. These advances demonstrate how the adoption of approaches like ESG (environmental, social, governance) and EMS is directly linked to legal issues and the evolution of sustainable management in both global and local contexts [32]. The adoption of these systems, whether voluntarily or as part of business strategies, reflects a growing trend among companies to leverage sustainability as a competitive differentiator in the global market [34].

3. Methodological Elements of Research

The study is characterized as descriptive and exploratory research, adopting a methodological approach of a qualitative–quantitative nature. The research design was planned comprehensively, covering all stages from the initial structuring and organization to the analysis and interpretation of the collected data. The target population of this study consists of managers of construction companies located in Mossoró, Rio Grande do Norte. The sample was composed of companies affiliated with the Mossoró Construction Industry Union, which, in total, has 53 registered companies. The focus of the study was on companies whose primary activity is building construction, registered under the CNAE code 4120-4/00, which includes companies dedicated to the construction of various types of buildings, including residential, commercial, and industrial. Based on this criterion, 10 companies located in the central region of the municipality were registered (Figure 1), representing a significant sample for analyzing environmental management practices and the adoption of sustainable principles in the sector.

The research was submitted and approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the State University of Rio Grande do Norte (UERN) (CAAE No. 77313123.5.0000.5294), approved through opinion No. 6,725,861 on 26 March 2024, ensuring ethical compliance and the quality of the data obtained.

For data collection, questionnaires, and photographic records were used. The questionnaire, consisting of 27 questions organized into three sections, addressed the following topics: characterization of the respondents, environmental compliance of the enterprises, and environmental management with an ESG-oriented approach. The combination of quantitative data, obtained through questionnaire responses, and qualitative data, derived from documentary records, provided a solid foundation for the analysis of the environmental practices of the participating companies.

The on-site visits, carried out between 29 July and 1 August 2024, were exploratory in nature and involved the administration of questionnaires, semi-structured interviews, and photographic records. These data constituted the primary material of the research.

The data collected were organized and tabulated using Microsoft Excel 2019, with the support of Google Forms for managing the questionnaires. The analysis followed a non-probabilistic approach, as described by Marconi and Lakatos (2021) [35], combining direct observations and photographic documentation. This method included a detailed assessment of the environmental aspects and impacts in construction companies located in Mossoró.

Finally, the analysis was enriched by a comparison with previous studies, identifying patterns and variations in environmental practices. The interpretation of the results, based on the specific criteria proposed by Gil (2023) [36], contributed to a deeper understanding of the environmental dynamics within the construction sector in Mossoró.

4. Results and Discussion

The organization focused on in this study is the construction sector in the municipality of Mossoró, in the state of Rio Grande do Norte, which has great relevance for the economic and social development of the region, contributing significantly to the generation of employment and income. However, the activities developed in this sector have a high potential to cause environmental impacts, highlighting the need for sustainable strategies in business management.

Thus, based on the information gathered, companies in this sector are predominantly small-sized, employing up to 49 workers and reporting an annual gross income between USD 360,000.00 and USD 3,600,000.00. Located in urban areas, 60% of them operate in owned properties of up to 200 m², distributed across a maximum of three built areas. Nevertheless, they face challenges in implementing sustainable practices due to economic, cultural, and social limitations, supporting previous studies that indicate a low adherence of small enterprises to environmental management [37,38].

Furthermore, the volume of activities such as the simultaneous execution of up to ten construction projects by the companies highlights the high demand and the need for efficient resource management to comply with environmental regulations. Specialized services including housing construction, urban infrastructure, renovations, and technical engineering services require targeted approaches to minimize environmental impacts. This diversity allows for the development of tailored solutions for each service type, enhancing the positive outcomes of environmental initiatives and facilitating compliance with regulatory standards [39].

A positive aspect regarding the maturity level of the Environmental Management System (EMS) is that most companies have been operating in the market for more than ten years. Long-term presence in the sector is generally associated with more planned environmental practices, as these organizations tend to continually improve their actions, such as waste reduction, efficient use of natural resources, implementation of recycling processes, and monitoring of carbon emissions, as pointed out by Peixe et al. (2019) [40]. However, the lack of specific training and teams dedicated to environmental management indicates that this development is not yet sufficiently structured. Examples of good practices include the implementation of internal environmental education programs, ISO 14001 certification, and the adoption of clean technologies, but the absence of experts can limit the effectiveness of these initiatives.

In the construction sector, proactive environmental management actions aligned with the principles of environmental, social, and corporate governance are key to promoting sustainable practices and mitigating the environmental impacts associated with construction activities. As highlighted by Barbieri (2023) [1], this set of actions involves the implementation of strategies aimed at planning, coordinating, monitoring, and controlling human activities in relation to the environment, encompassing both organizational initiatives and collaboration between governments and society.

From this perspective, environmental management and ESG actions in the sector were analyzed, with emphasis on socio-environmental responsibility and the implementation of structured systems, revealing a scenario of low maturity in corporate sustainability practices. The data showed that although most of the companies interviewed claimed to carry out socio-environmental actions, these initiatives are limited and sporadic in their implementation [41]. While a significant portion of the companies conduct socio-environmental actions with some frequency, the absence of an Environmental Management System (EMS) was identified in more than half of the organizations evaluated. Moreover, the lack of knowledge about the term ESG and its principles represents a significant barrier, with many companies reporting unfamiliarity with both the concept and its application in corporate operations (

Table 1. Environmental management and ESG actions in the construction sector in Mossoró/RN, obtained by sampling.

Requirement	Quantitative (%)
Social and Environmental Responsibility	Very often	Often	Rarely	Never
	30.0%	30.0%	20.0%	20.0%
Environmental Management System—EMS	Yes, a long time ago	Yes, not long ago	No	I have no knowledge
	10.0%	10.0%	60.0%	20.0%
Objective of the Environmental Management System—EMS	Compliance with legislation	Improvements in environmental practices	Improvements in environmental practices	Does not have EMS
	10.0%	10.0%	*	80.00%
Existence of the Environmental Quality Management System (EQMS) and its objective	Yes, reduce costs and increase profits by standardizing processes	Yes, it has a positive impact on the company’s image, helping to attract customers	Yes, invest in innovative technologies and solutions that reduce environmental risks	Does not have the system
	10.0%	*	10.0%	80.0%
Knowledge about ESG (Environmental, Social, Governance)	Yes, a long time ago	Yes, not long ago	I have no knowledge
	10.0%	20.0%	70.0%
Meaning of the term ESG (Environmental, Social, Governance)	Promoting ethical practices in business	Reducing environmental impact	Responsible management of natural resources	Improved reputation and differentiation in the market
	*	10.0%	*	*
	Compliance with legislation and governance practices	Identification and management of risks related to environmental, social, and governance issues		I have no knowledge
	*	20.0%		70.0%
Assessment of Knowledge of the Principle and Importance of ESG	High	Average	Low	I have no knowledge
	*	20.0%	10.0%	70.0%
How Much the Company Considers ESG Criteria in Decision-Making	High	Moderate	Low	I have no knowledge
	*	30.0%	*	70.0%
How the Company Monitors and Reports Its Performance Against ESG Criteria	Very often	Often	Rarely	Nothing
	*	20.0%	10.0%	70.0%

Source: Survey data, 2024. Note: * No responses.

).

The social and environmental responsibility, investigated in this research, reflects the commitment of organizations to adopt sustainable practices that minimize environmental impacts and promote social benefits. It was found that construction projects in Mossoró/RN adopt environmental responsibility practices, revealing that these actions still occur sporadically. Roque and Pierri (2019) [41] also identified that the incorporation of social and environmental responsibility in the construction sector is still limited and sporadic, indicating the need for greater awareness and integration of these practices into business operations. These findings suggest that, despite some progress, a significant portion of companies still do not consistently integrate environmental responsibility into their operations.

In this context, the implementation of an Environmental Management System (EMS) stands out as an essential strategy to consolidate socio-environmental responsibility practices, allowing companies to monitor and reduce their environmental impacts in a structured and continuous manner. The absence of an Environmental Management System (EMS) reflects the limited adoption of environmental management practices in the sector. Among the organizations interviewed, few reported having or implementing EMSs, while most highlighted a lack of motivation or the necessary knowledge for its adoption. For those that have implemented the system, the main objectives include meeting legal requirements and improving environmental efficiency. The primary motivations for adopting these systems are compliance with environmental regulations and the pursuit of enhanced environmental performance. Previous studies by Fernandes & Rezende (2020) [28] and Alcântara et al., (2022) [32] reinforce the importance of the EMS as a strategic tool to improve environmental performance and promote corporate sustainability. Environmental Quality Management Systems (EQMSs), when integrated with Environmental Management Systems (EMSs), have been identified as tools that enhance legal compliance and promote continuous improvement. Nevertheless, the low adherence to EQMS reveals a significant gap in the adoption of more robust environmental management practices. These systems, such as the one defined by ISO 14001, include a series of requirements, such as the establishment of environmental policies, identification of environmental aspects and impacts, definition of objectives and goals, internal audits and management review to ensure continuous improvement. Among the organizations interviewed, few reported implementing EMSs, and even among those, most do not have ISO 14001 certification or conduct regular audits to verify compliance with environmental requirements [22]. For companies that adopt EMSs, the main objectives include compliance with legal criteria and improvement of environmental efficiency, factors that can contribute to organizational competitiveness and competition.

Another relevant issue concerns knowledge of ESG principles. A substantial portion of companies demonstrated a lack of familiarity with the topic. This reflects a structural challenge for the integration of sustainable and governance practices into business strategies. Recent studies by Ferreira et al., (2023) [33] and Martiny et al., (2024) [42] highlight that adopting ESG principles not only improves the sustainability of operations but also strengthens investor and consumer trust.

Furthermore, the study highlighted the need for greater corporate education to promote understanding of ESG and its incorporation into decision-making processes. The integration of ESG principles enables construction-sector companies not only to comply with regulations but also to stand out in an increasingly competitive market concerned with environmental and social issues. According to Ferreira et al. (2023) [33], the integration of ESG criteria into investment decisions remains limited in many companies. The study revealed that, in practice, these actions are often not well integrated, resulting in an imbalance between ESG criteria and investment decision-making. Additionally, the underdevelopment of internal sustainability policies and the lack of publication of ESG sustainability reports by companies highlight shortcomings in corporate management and transparency.

This scenario of gaps in the integration of sustainable practices is also reflected in quality certifications, such as the PBQP-H (Brazilian Program for Quality and Productivity in Habitat), which were mentioned by some verified companies. Although such certifications can represent a competitive advantage, their use and understanding of their benefits are still limited. According to Haubrick & Gonçalves (2020) [43], the PBQP-H can be a valuable tool for aligning companies with best practices in sustainability and productivity in the construction sector, reinforcing the importance of greater dissemination and adherence to these certifications.

Proactive environmental management actions, along with environmental, social, and corporate governance (ESG) principles, have become increasingly relevant in the construction sector in Mossoró/RN. This growing importance reflects the need for companies to adopt sustainable practices that not only minimize environmental impacts but also promote social responsibility and transparency in their operations. As the market and society become more aware of the urgency to integrate sustainability into business activities, ESG strategies emerge as a competitive differentiator, encouraging organizations to implement solutions that ensure not only compliance with regulations but also strengthen trust and foster continuous improvement in their processes [33].

Environmental management, in turn, focuses more on complying with legal requirements established by environmental standards and regulatory agencies than on its integration as a competitive strategy. Although compliance with legislation is essential for the continuity of operations, many companies still fail to recognize the added value of sustainable practices [29]. The analysis carried out in the construction sector illustrates this reality: despite the fact that the enterprises hold environmental licenses, a key instrument of the National Environmental Policy (PNMA), a significant portion of companies are unaware of the legality of the materials used in the production process, as shown in

Table 2. Environmental legality of the construction sector in Mossoró-RN, obtained by sampling.

Requirement	Quantitative (%)
Environmental licensing	Yes	Yes, won	No	I have no knowledge
	100.0%	*	*	*
Knowledge about the environmental legality of the materials used	Yes	Partially	No	I have no knowledge
	10.0%	40.0%	50.0%	*
Importance of materials used complying with environmental legislation	Very important	Important	Not very important	It is not important
	90.0%	10.0%	*	*
Responsible person with responsibilities in the environmental and/or health and safety area	Yes, a long time ago	Yes, not long ago	No	I have no knowledge
	40.0%	*	60.0%	*
Sound and soil reduction plan	Yes, a long time ago	Yes, not long ago	No	I have no knowledge
	20.0%	20.0%	60.0%	*
Solid waste management	Yes, a long time ago	Yes, not long ago	No	I have no knowledge
	20.0%	80.0%	*	*
Existence of selective collection	Very often	Often	Rarely	Never
	10.0%	20.0%	60.0%	10.0%

Source: Survey data, 2024. Note: * No responses.

.

The validity of licensing in companies reflects not only adherence to environmental legislation but also a commitment to mitigating the negative impacts of their operations. According to Maués et al. (2020) [44], ensuring the legality of inputs is essential for advancing construction practices toward sustainability, complying with environmental regulations, and contributing to the achievement of environmental quality certifications. In contrast, the study by Schuster and Junior (2020) [45] points out that the lack of environmental regularization in the construction sector exacerbates environmental problems and compromises long-term sustainability, exposing companies to legal risks and intensifying negative environmental impacts.

Although these data indicate some level of awareness, there is still a need to intensify efforts to ensure the adequacy and environmental compliance of the materials used in production processes (Figure 2). Even though some companies may not be fully informed about legal requirements, the lack of adequate technical knowledge can compromise the effectiveness of environmental management practices and increase the risk of negative environmental impacts. This situation highlights the importance of promoting educational actions and training programs within the sector. However, the results suggest that, while some companies occasionally provide such training, only a limited number adopt them on a continuous basis. These findings contrast with the conclusions of Silva and Araújo (2020) [46], who emphasize the need to develop environmental management tools tailored to the sector, practical and easy to implement. These tools should include technological solutions and strategies for environmental training of professionals involved, fostering greater awareness of the competitive benefits associated with improved environmental performance.

Environmental management on construction sites plays a crucial role in optimizing production processes, as proper organization and efficient control of materials contribute to waste reduction and more rational use of natural resources. This practice not only improves logistical efficiency but also reduces environmental impacts by minimizing waste generation and promoting the sustainable use of inputs. Furthermore, implementing measures such as proper storage, purchasing planning, and material reuse can enhance the sustainability of processes, reducing the demand for natural resources and pollutant emissions, while also lowering operational costs and improving the competitiveness of the project [47].

The high consumption of materials in the construction industry directly impacts the generation of solid waste, which necessitates the adoption of proper waste management practices, including correct storage in designated areas, in accordance with the classification established by current legislation. To ensure the proper treatment of these waste materials, they must be stored appropriately, in protected areas, and duly classified, in compliance with the prevailing legislation [47].

Solid waste management in construction sector companies is a critical issue. Although many companies claim to have implemented waste management practices, their effectiveness is questionable. Silva and Poznyakov (2020) [48] warn that the lack of systematic practices can worsen environmental impacts and lead to legal consequences, damaging the companies’ reputations. The research also revealed that most waste is stored in open areas, which poses environmental and public health risks (Figure 3). On the other hand, only a portion of the companies use proper storage facilities such as covered sheds, as recommended by Dacoregio et al. (2020) [47]. The author highlights that proper management practices, such as safe storage in accordance with legal guidelines, contribute to improved operations, accident prevention, and the reduction in visual and olfactory impacts. Furthermore, according to Gomes (2020) [49], this approach also facilitates the waste collection and treatment process, promoting greater efficiency in environmental management. When integrated into systematic and continuous planning, such measures support compliance with current legislation, reduce operational costs, and strengthen the institutional image of organizations committed to sustainability.

It was observed that there is a high rate of material consumption in the construction sector, with significant use of plastic, paper, cardboard, steel, wood, and debris (Figure 4). These materials are essential for various stages of the construction process, such as surface protection, product packaging, and temporary structures. The high consumption reflects the significant demand for disposable materials, like plastics and paper, primarily due to the volume of operations and the need to keep input protected and organized on the construction site. Steel, in turn, is widely used in reinforced concrete structures, while debris, consisting of leftover construction materials, accumulates in large quantities due to the fragmented and repetitive nature of construction activities [50].

Selective waste collection practices still face limitations, being consistently carried out by only a portion of the companies. Typically, the separation focuses on materials such as paper, plastic, and metal scraps, with an emphasis on reuse or resale (Figure 5). Lima et al. (2024) [29] highlight that, despite the high recycling potential of the waste generated in this sector, the limited separation still practiced contributes to the overloading of landfills and results in the loss of materials that could be more efficiently recovered.

Lima et al. (2024) [29] highlight that recycling and reduction go hand in hand, being both complementary and indispensable. These actions need to be expanded and integrated into a more comprehensive and systematic approach. Furthermore, waste management planning should include clear procedures for minimization, segregation, and storage, as well as the identification of those responsible for the collection, transportation, and disposal of waste, in compliance with environmental regulations.

According to Leal (2021) [50], his study revealed that the main challenge lies in the improper disposal of construction and demolition waste. This issue becomes more severe when these materials are sent to public landfills or illegally discarded, intensifying not only environmental impacts but also generating social and public health consequences. These materials can be reused in various applications, such as filling stair steps, securing installations, producing aggregates for concrete and mortar, and manufacturing structural blocks and interlocking pavement without specific structural requirements [46].

Strategies such as dematerialization involve transitioning to more sustainable processes and products, leveraging techniques like digitalization, prefabrication, the use of lightweight and recyclable materials, as well as innovative technologies like 3D printing and building information modeling (BIM) [51]. These strategies, combined with the use of more environmentally friendly construction technologies, promote the efficient consumption of natural resources. Additionally, this approach improves air quality and comfort, enhances the sustainable image of companies, and offers more flexible and adaptable structures. Thus, dematerialization aligns the sector with the demands for environmental responsibility and economic efficiency, contributing to a more sustainable future. However, this perception of sustainability as a competitive advantage is still in its early stages in much of the sector [29].

Therefore, it is evident that solid waste management in the construction sector in Mossoró faces significant challenges that compromise the environmental and operational sustainability of companies. The absence of systematic practices and the predominance of inadequate storage highlight the need for more robust policies, investments in infrastructure, and training for proper waste handling. Furthermore, encouraging selective collection and the reuse of recyclable materials emerges as an opportunity to minimize environmental impacts, reduce costs, and add value to business operations, promoting a more sustainable production cycle aligned with current societal demands.

However, for these practices to be effective, it is essential that regulatory standards (NRs), such as NR-18 (occupational safety), and NR-12 (safe use of machinery), are partially applied, but there are still significant gaps. The deficiencies, as illustrated in Figure 6, include the inadequate use of personal protective equipment (PPE), such as the absence of helmets, masks, and gloves, as well as inadequate clothing for workers, exposing them to unnecessary risks. Another problem highlighted is the incorrect positioning of scaffolding, which compromises the safety of workers, especially in activities carried out at height. In addition, team training is insufficient, which hinders awareness and the effective application of safety practices. The lack of a professional dedicated exclusively to environmental management and occupational safety also limits the advancement of worker protection and sustainability practices. Silva and Poznyakov (2020) [48] highlight that structured planning, aimed at mitigating environmental impacts and improving operational efficiency, helps organizations build a responsible and positive image with the community.

The findings revealed that a significant portion of companies, approximately 60.0%, lack a dedicated professional with specific responsibilities in environmental and/or health and safety areas, which may hinder the effective implementation of management practices in these fields. Although there is a growing concern for workplace safety, the absence of a dedicated professional in these areas can challenge compliance with regulatory standards and the integration of sustainable strategies. This lack of specialized oversight undermines the consistency of preventive and corrective actions, potentially increasing both environmental and occupational risks. This underscores the need to strengthen environmental and safety management, with the appointment of qualified professionals to these roles, thereby ensuring continuous process improvement and compliance with legal requirements [48,52].

In this regard, it is crucial for companies in the construction sector to invest in the qualifications of their professionals and the structuring of specialized teams. The adoption of more robust management practices, with the presence of dedicated and qualified professionals, will not only ensure compliance with current legislation but also contribute to fostering a safer and more sustainable environment. The effective implementation of preventive and corrective actions, coupled with the creation of an appropriate Environmental Management System (EMS), is essential to minimize the environmental impact of construction and ensure the health and safety of workers. Furthermore, integrating practices aligned with ESG principles (environmental, social, governance) strengthens companies’ commitment to sustainability and social responsibility, which is becoming increasingly relevant in the current scenario. In this way, companies will be better prepared to meet market demands, gain stakeholder trust, and stand out for their socio-environmental responsibility, a factor that can be a significant competitive advantage in the sector.

5. Conclusions

The results indicate a predominance of small companies, which face economic and structural limitations in adopting sustainable practices, reinforcing the need for greater technical and financial support. Furthermore, the absence of specific training and dedicated personnel for environmental management and occupational safety contributes to the low adherence to more robust sustainability policies. This situation is exacerbated by the lack of knowledge about concepts such as ESG and the absence of integrated actions involving environmental planning, occupational safety, and solid waste management.

Although some companies already carry out occasional socio-environmental actions, these efforts remain insufficient to meet the sector’s environmental demands. There is still a long path ahead for the comprehensive implementation of integrated systems such as the Environmental Management System (EMS) and ESG principles. Training and raising awareness among organizations emerge as essential strategies to foster sustainability and promote corporate management aligned with the expectations of the market and society. However, the absence of robust environmental policies limits the reach of these initiatives. Thus, the study concludes that technical training, dissemination of ESG knowledge, and the promotion of incentives for the adoption of Environmental Management Systems are key strategies to transform the construction sector into an agent of sustainable development. Investing in practical tools adapted to local realities, as well as in public policies that encourage sustainability, will be decisive.

Finally, the analysis reveals that despite their significant contribution to the regional economy, construction companies in Mossoró/RN demonstrate low maturity in Environmental Management Systems (EMSs). To move forward, it is essential to adopt environmental management strategies adapted to the specific characteristics of the sector, aligning sustainability with operational efficiency. Such progress will enable these organizations to minimize environmental impacts and position themselves competitively in a market that is increasingly demanding in terms of sustainability.