Evaluation of a Natural Olive Extract as a Flavor Component in Dry and Wet Dog Foods
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Olive Extract Flavor Characterization
2.2. Dog Food Preparations
2.2.1. Dry Food
2.2.2. Wet Food
2.2.3. Chemical Composition for Treatment Foods
2.2.4. Oxidation Markers Analysis for Dry Foods
2.3. Acceptance Testing
2.3.1. Dry Diets
2.3.2. Wet Food
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Olive Extract Flavor Characterization
3.2. Analysis of Treatment Dry Foods
3.3. Acceptance Testing for Dry Food Applications
3.4. Acceptance Testing for Wet Food Applications
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
OE | Olive extract |
HS-SPME | Headspace solid-phase microextraction |
GC | Gas chromatography |
Q-TOF | Quadrupole time-of-flight |
MS | Mass spectrometry |
HPLC | High-pressure liquid chromatography |
MER | Metabolic energy requirement |
NRC | National Research Council |
SEM | Standard error of mean |
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Ingredient, % | Control | PT120 | PT200 | PT500 |
---|---|---|---|---|
D70-420+XG | 100.00 | 99.52 | 99.20 | 98.00 |
Olive extract | 0.00 | 0.48 | 0.80 | 2.00 |
Ingredient, % As-Is | 0 ppm (Control) | 120 ppm | 200 ppm | 500 pm |
---|---|---|---|---|
Pork organ blend, frozen | 35.00 | 35.00 | 35.00 | 35.00 |
Chicken liver and heart, frozen | 9.00 | 9.00 | 9.00 | 9.00 |
Chicken mix, frozen | 9.50 | 9.50 | 9.50 | 9.50 |
Chicken viscera, frozen | 6.50 | 6.50 | 6.50 | 6.50 |
Ground turkey, frozen | 16.50 | 16.50 | 16.50 | 16.50 |
Ground white fish, frozen | 5.00 | 5.00 | 5.00 | 5.00 |
Dry palatant | 2.00 | 2.00 | 2.00 | 2.00 |
Salt flour | 0.31 | 0.31 | 0.31 | 0.31 |
Cat trace mineral premix 1,3 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 |
Cat vitamin premix 2,3 | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0.08 |
Choline chloride 50% | 0.13 | 0.13 | 0.13 | 0.13 |
Magnesium sulfate, anhydrous 20% | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 |
Taurine | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 |
Titanium dioxide | 0.14 | 0.14 | 0.14 | 0.14 |
Thiamine hydrochloride monohydrate | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 |
Potassium chloride | 0.16 | 0.16 | 0.16 | 0.16 |
Guar gum | 0.15 | 0.15 | 0.15 | 0.15 |
Kappa carrageenan | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.10 |
Water | 15.30 | 15.29 | 15.28 | 15.25 |
Olive extract | - | 0.012 | 0.020 | 0.050 |
0 ppm (Control) | 120 ppm | 200 ppm | 500 pm | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Composition | ||||
Dry matter, % | 90.9 | 90.4 | 90.5 | 89.9 |
--- Dry matter basis --- | ||||
Crude protein, % | 30.0 | 30.2 | 29.4 | 29.9 |
Acid hydrolyzed fat, % | 15.6 | 14.3 | 14.8 | 14.7 |
Crude fiber, % | 2.6 | 2.5 | 2.6 | 2.9 |
Ash, % | 6.7 | 7.0 | 6.9 | 6.7 |
Sulfur, % | 0.38 | 0.40 | 0.38 | 0.41 |
Phosphorus, % | 0.95 | 0.90 | 0.94 | 1.00 |
Potassium, % | 0.62 | 0.62 | 0.60 | 0.64 |
Magnesium, % | 0.12 | 0.12 | 0.12 | 0.13 |
Calcium, % | 1.37 | 1.25 | 1.45 | 1.48 |
Sodium, % | 0.34 | 0.33 | 0.32 | 0.37 |
Iron, ppm | 103 | 108 | 104 | 106 |
Manganese, ppm | 26.84 | 23.91 | 24.63 | 30.35 |
Copper, ppm | 9.90 | 11.07 | 9.83 | 12.56 |
Zinc, ppm | 204 | 201 | 201 | 210 |
Caloric density | ||||
Gross energy, kcal/kg | 4666 | 4564 | 4592 | 4569 |
Apparent total tract digestibility energy, % | 87.5 | 87.6 | 87.6 | 87.1 |
Digestible energy, kcal/kg | 4083 | 3997 | 4020 | 3977 |
Metabolizable energy, kcal/kg | 3799 | 3713 | 3743 | 3697 |
Oxidation markers | ||||
Peroxide value, meq/kg | 0.9258 | 0.8788 | 0.8992 | 0.8611 |
2,4-Decadienal, ppm | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 |
Hexanal, ppm | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 |
0 ppm (Control) | 120 ppm | 200 ppm | 500 pm | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Dry matter, % | 26.3 | 26.6 | 26.0 | 25.9 |
--- Dry matter basis --- | ||||
Crude protein, % | 46.8 | 48.1 | 50.0 | 48.3 |
Acid hydrolyzed fat, % | 38.0 | 38.7 | 39.2 | 39.0 |
Crude fiber 1, % | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. |
Ash, % | 10.1 | 10.3 | 9.0 | 10.5 |
Sulfur, % | 0.76 | 0.83 | 0.81 | 0.77 |
Phosphorus, % | 1.79 | 2.10 | 1.77 | 1.74 |
Potassium, % | 0.99 | 1.05 | 1.00 | 0.96 |
Magnesium, % | 0.11 | 0.11 | 0.12 | 0.12 |
Calcium, % | 0.57 | 1.09 | 0.50 | 0.54 |
Sodium, % | 2.02 | 2.18 | 2.08 | 1.97 |
Iron, ppm | 325 | 352 | 330 | 325 |
Manganese, ppm | 14.4 | 15.4 | 14.2 | 13.9 |
Copper, ppm | 46.0 | 47.4 | 45.0 | 42.5 |
Zinc, ppm | 200 | 222 | 203 | 207 |
Compound | Concentration, ppm | Standard Deviation | Aromatic Characteristics |
---|---|---|---|
3-Methyl butanol | 11.1 | 3.86 | Malty |
Acetoin | 17.0 | 8.89 | Buttery |
(Z)-3-Hexen-1-ol | 1.09 | 0.58 | Fresh cut grass |
Acetic acid | 4571 | 1476 | Vinegar-like |
Furfural | 11.9 | 1.75 | Sweet, cereal-like |
Meso-2,3-butanediol | 398 | 101 | Odorless, bitter taste |
(2R, 3R)-2,3-butanediol/(2S, 3S)-2,3-butanediol | 484 | 63.5 | Odorless to light floral |
Butanoic acid | 21.1 | 10.3 | Strong butter aroma |
Guaiacol | 29.8 | 7.30 | Smoky, gammon-like |
Benzyl alcohol | 146 | 34.1 | Fruity, bitter almond |
Phenylethyl alcohol | 156 | 26.6 | Floral, honey-like |
4-Ethyl guaiacol | 10.9 | 3.08 | Smoky |
4-Ethylphenol | 254 | 24.4 | Medicinal, barnyard |
Homovanillyl alcohol | 745 | 84.7 | Vanilla |
Tyrosol | 3186 | 302 | Sweet, fruity–floral |
Sample Number | Hydroxytyrosol Concentration, ppm |
---|---|
1 | 2403.58 |
2 | 2316.38 |
3 | 2258.24 |
4 | 2282.84 |
Consumption Rate, % | Day 1 | Day 2 | Day 3 | Day 4 | Day 5 | Average | SEM 1 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 ppm (Control) | 59.4 | 52.8 | 63.2 | 62.0 | 63.2 | 60.1 | 3.87 |
120 ppm | 66.7 | 60.9 | 63.7 | 0.62 | 64.4 | 63.6 | 3.87 |
200 ppm | 67.0 | 57.8 | 66.4 | 66.7 | 57.1 | 63.0 | 3.87 |
500 ppm | 65.2 | 63.4 | 69.1 | 67.2 | 60.7 | 65.1 | 3.87 |
Linear Contrasts 2 | ||||
Timepoint | Intercept | Estimate | Standard Error | p-Value |
Day 1 | 258.03 | 0.08 | 0.07 | 0.57 |
Day 2 | 234.80 | 0.09 | 0.07 | 0.16 |
Day 3 | 262.40 | 0.05 | 0.06 | 0.30 |
Day 4 | 258.30 | 0.06 | 0.07 | 0.39 |
Day 5 | 245.30 | −0.05 | 0.06 | 0.61 |
Average | 251.80 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.41 |
Quadratic Contrasts 3 | ||||
Timepoint | Intercept | Estimate | Standard Error | p-Value |
Day 1 | 258.03 | −0.0004 | 0.0004 | 0.30 |
Day 2 | 234.80 | −0.0002 | 0.0004 | 0.63 |
Day 3 | 262.40 | −0.00002 | 0.0003 | 0.95 |
Day 4 | 258.30 | −0.0001 | 0.0004 | 0.78 |
Day 5 | 245.30 | 0.0002 | 0.0003 | 0.54 |
Average | 251.80 | −0.00009 | 0.0003 | 0.74 |
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Guldenpfennig, R.; Hsu, C.; Fries-Craft, K.; Garber, A.; Huang, X.; Wieneke, M.; Rutledge, K. Evaluation of a Natural Olive Extract as a Flavor Component in Dry and Wet Dog Foods. Pets 2025, 2, 14. https://doi.org/10.3390/pets2010014
Guldenpfennig R, Hsu C, Fries-Craft K, Garber A, Huang X, Wieneke M, Rutledge K. Evaluation of a Natural Olive Extract as a Flavor Component in Dry and Wet Dog Foods. Pets. 2025; 2(1):14. https://doi.org/10.3390/pets2010014
Chicago/Turabian StyleGuldenpfennig, Ryan, Clare Hsu, Krysten Fries-Craft, Adriana Garber, Xinhe Huang, Mark Wieneke, and Kristen Rutledge. 2025. "Evaluation of a Natural Olive Extract as a Flavor Component in Dry and Wet Dog Foods" Pets 2, no. 1: 14. https://doi.org/10.3390/pets2010014
APA StyleGuldenpfennig, R., Hsu, C., Fries-Craft, K., Garber, A., Huang, X., Wieneke, M., & Rutledge, K. (2025). Evaluation of a Natural Olive Extract as a Flavor Component in Dry and Wet Dog Foods. Pets, 2(1), 14. https://doi.org/10.3390/pets2010014