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Review

Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles: Synthesis, Characterization and Applications in Agriculture

by
Adriana Morfín-Gutiérrez
1,
Josué I. García-López
1,*,
Patricia A. de León-Martínez
2,
Norma A. Ruiz-Torres
1,
Agustín Hernández-Juárez
3,
Perpetuo Álvarez-Vázquez
4 and
Antonio Flores-Naveda
1
1
Departamento de Fitomejoramiento, Universidad Autónoma Agraria Antonio Narro (UAAAN), Saltillo 25315, Coahuila, Mexico
2
Departamento de Agrometeorología, Universidad Autónoma Agraria Antonio Narro (UAAAN), Saltillo 25315, Coahuila, Mexico
3
Departamento de Parasitología, Universidad Autónoma Agraria Antonio Narro (UAAAN), Saltillo 25315, Coahuila, Mexico
4
Departamento de Recursos Naturales Renovables, Universidad Autónoma Agraria Antonio Narro (UAAAN), Saltillo 25315, Coahuila, Mexico
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Agrochemicals 2026, 5(1), 12; https://doi.org/10.3390/agrochemicals5010012
Submission received: 21 October 2025 / Revised: 21 January 2026 / Accepted: 4 March 2026 / Published: 5 March 2026
(This article belongs to the Section Fertilizers and Soil Improvement Agents)
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Abstract

Zinc (Zn) is a mineral that plays a vital role in the growth and development processes of different plants. Although it is required in small quantities, its presence is essential in a crop. In recent years, zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) have garnered significant interest in agriculture due to their unique physical and chemical properties. As a result, they can be used as alternative fertilizers to help crops experiencing mineral deficiency, stress, or fungal problems. These nanomaterials can be obtained through various synthesis methods, including sol–gel, chemical precipitation, microemulsion, and green synthesis, among others. This enables managing their size, shape, and internal arrangement, establishing their ultimate characteristics and feasible uses. In this review, we will present some of the most commonly used synthesis methods for obtaining ZnO NPs, the frequently used characterization techniques, as well as some of the positive and toxic effects caused by their application in crops.
Keywords: synthesis methods; nanofertilizers; crops; toxicity; environmental synthesis methods; nanofertilizers; crops; toxicity; environmental

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MDPI and ACS Style

Morfín-Gutiérrez, A.; García-López, J.I.; León-Martínez, P.A.d.; Ruiz-Torres, N.A.; Hernández-Juárez, A.; Álvarez-Vázquez, P.; Flores-Naveda, A. Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles: Synthesis, Characterization and Applications in Agriculture. Agrochemicals 2026, 5, 12. https://doi.org/10.3390/agrochemicals5010012

AMA Style

Morfín-Gutiérrez A, García-López JI, León-Martínez PAd, Ruiz-Torres NA, Hernández-Juárez A, Álvarez-Vázquez P, Flores-Naveda A. Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles: Synthesis, Characterization and Applications in Agriculture. Agrochemicals. 2026; 5(1):12. https://doi.org/10.3390/agrochemicals5010012

Chicago/Turabian Style

Morfín-Gutiérrez, Adriana, Josué I. García-López, Patricia A. de León-Martínez, Norma A. Ruiz-Torres, Agustín Hernández-Juárez, Perpetuo Álvarez-Vázquez, and Antonio Flores-Naveda. 2026. "Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles: Synthesis, Characterization and Applications in Agriculture" Agrochemicals 5, no. 1: 12. https://doi.org/10.3390/agrochemicals5010012

APA Style

Morfín-Gutiérrez, A., García-López, J. I., León-Martínez, P. A. d., Ruiz-Torres, N. A., Hernández-Juárez, A., Álvarez-Vázquez, P., & Flores-Naveda, A. (2026). Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles: Synthesis, Characterization and Applications in Agriculture. Agrochemicals, 5(1), 12. https://doi.org/10.3390/agrochemicals5010012

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