Effect of Microencapsulated Cocoa Polyphenols on Macro- and Microvascular Function after Eccentric Exercise
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Study Design
2.3. Microencapsulated Cocoa/Placebo Preparation
2.4. Eccentric Exercise Protocol
2.5. Flow-Mediated Dilatation
2.6. Muscle Oxygen Saturation Measurement
2.7. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Flow-Mediated Dilation
3.2. Muscle Oxygen Saturation Parameters
4. Discussion
Experimental Consideration
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Demographics | |
---|---|
N | 13 |
Age (years) | 25 ± 4 |
Body mass (kg) | 66.8 ± 12.0 |
Body mass index (kg/m2) | 23.5 ± 3.3 |
Clinical | |
SBP (mm Hg) | 118 ± 8 |
DBP (mm Hg) | 73 ± 7 |
HR (beats/min) | 64 ± 3 |
Variables | T0 | T24 | T48 | T72 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
FMD (%) | MC | 9.9 ± 3.9 | 11.1 ± 5.6 | 14.02 ± 8.6 | 11.3 ± 7.3 |
PLA | 11.7 ± 4.2 | 11.6 ± 4.1 | 12.1 ± 6.1 | 10.2 ± 4.1 | |
BAD (mm) | MC | 0.32 ± 0.09 | 0.32 ± 0.08 | 0.33 ± 0.06 | 0.32 ± 0.07 |
PLA | 0.30 ± 0.09 | 0.33 ± 0.08 | 0.32 ± 0.07 | 0.31 ± 0.06 | |
PAD (mm) | MC | 0.35 ± 0.1 | 0.35 ± 0.1 | 0.38 ± 0.07 | 0.36 ± 0.08 |
PLA | 0.35 ± 0.1 | 0.37 ± 0.08 | 0.36 ± 0.09 | 0.35 ± 0.06 | |
StO2upslope (%.s−1) | MC | 2.1 ± 0.5 | 2.01 ± 0.6 | 1.9 ± 0.6 | 2.0 ± 0.6 |
PLA | 2.04 ± 0.3 | 1.8 ± 0.6 | 1.9 ± 0.7 | 2.1 ± 0.4 | |
StO2downslope (%.s−1) | MC | −0.08 ± 0.02 | −0.09 ± 0.02 | −0.08 ± 0.03 | −0.08 ± 0.02 |
PLA | −0.08 ± 0.01 | −0.08 ± 0.02 | −0.07 ± 0.02 | −0.09 ± 0.01 | |
△StO2 (%) | MC | 32.5 ± 7.7 | 32.4 ± 6.9 | 36.01 ± 7.5 | 33.7 ± 8.3 |
PLA | 32.3 ± 6.7 | 31.8 ± 6.1 | 35.8 ± 6.2 | 31.2 ± 6.1 |
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de Oliveira, G.V.; Miranda de Souza, L.V.; Junior, O.J.F.R.; Volino-Souza, M.; Alvares, T.S. Effect of Microencapsulated Cocoa Polyphenols on Macro- and Microvascular Function after Eccentric Exercise. J. Vasc. Dis. 2024, 3, 235-244. https://doi.org/10.3390/jvd3030019
de Oliveira GV, Miranda de Souza LV, Junior OJFR, Volino-Souza M, Alvares TS. Effect of Microencapsulated Cocoa Polyphenols on Macro- and Microvascular Function after Eccentric Exercise. Journal of Vascular Diseases. 2024; 3(3):235-244. https://doi.org/10.3390/jvd3030019
Chicago/Turabian Stylede Oliveira, Gustavo Vieira, Leonardo Victor Miranda de Souza, Olavo João Frederico Ramos Junior, Mônica Volino-Souza, and Thiago Silveira Alvares. 2024. "Effect of Microencapsulated Cocoa Polyphenols on Macro- and Microvascular Function after Eccentric Exercise" Journal of Vascular Diseases 3, no. 3: 235-244. https://doi.org/10.3390/jvd3030019
APA Stylede Oliveira, G. V., Miranda de Souza, L. V., Junior, O. J. F. R., Volino-Souza, M., & Alvares, T. S. (2024). Effect of Microencapsulated Cocoa Polyphenols on Macro- and Microvascular Function after Eccentric Exercise. Journal of Vascular Diseases, 3(3), 235-244. https://doi.org/10.3390/jvd3030019