Sport-Related Injuries in Portuguese CrossFit® Practitioners and Their Characteristics
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants and Data Collection
2.2. Questionnaire
- Sport and sociodemographic-related items. The items covered information regarding age, sex, height, weight, professional physical level, sports background, years of CrossFit® training, CrossFit® training level, CrossFit® training competition participation, CrossFit® training load, training context, and CrossFit® training warm-up and cool-down.
- Health disorders and injuries-related items. The items covered information regarding health disorders and injuries related to CrossFit® Training, e.g., type, location, frequency, time to return to sport, context, health history, and management. Items in this phase were adapted from a consensus statement on injury registration [46]. It defined injury as any physical damage to a body part, sustained during training or competition, which prevented the participant from training, working, or competing in any way and for any period of time [25,47]. To ensure questionnaires were filled out properly, definitions and examples were given throughout the items, helping to contextualize the readers.
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Static Stretching | Dynamic Stretching | Sport-Specific | Core | Running | Mobility | Running Drills | Strengthening | Balance | Self-Massage | n (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
14 (6.1) | ||||||||||
13 (5.7) | ||||||||||
11 (4.8) | ||||||||||
9 (4.0) | ||||||||||
8 (3.5) | ||||||||||
7 (3.1) | ||||||||||
7 (3.1) | ||||||||||
6 (2.6) | ||||||||||
5 (2.2) | ||||||||||
5 (2.2) | ||||||||||
4 (1.8) | ||||||||||
4 (1.8) | ||||||||||
4 (1.8) | ||||||||||
4 (1.8) | ||||||||||
4 (1.8) | ||||||||||
3 (1.3) | ||||||||||
3 (1.3) | ||||||||||
3 (1.3) | ||||||||||
3 (1.3) | ||||||||||
3 (1.3) | ||||||||||
2 (0.9) | ||||||||||
2 (0.9) | ||||||||||
2 (0.9) | ||||||||||
2 (0.9) | ||||||||||
2 (0.9) | ||||||||||
2 (0.9) | ||||||||||
2 (0.9) | ||||||||||
2 (0.9) | ||||||||||
2 (0.9) | ||||||||||
2 (0.9) | ||||||||||
2 (0.9) | ||||||||||
2 (0.9) | ||||||||||
2 (0.9) |
Variable | Total (n = 288 (100%)) n(%) | Unreported Injury (n = 173 (60.1%)) n(%) | Reported Injury (n = 115 (39.9%)) n(%) | p Injury vs. No Injury |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age group (years) | 0.727 * | |||
18–24 | 15 (5.2) | 10 (5.8) | 5 (4.3) | |
25–29 | 52 (18.1) | 30 (17.3) | 22 (19.1) | |
30–34 | 55 (19.1) | 45 (26) | 24 (20.9) | |
35–39 | 69 (24.0) | 36 (20.8) | 26 (22.6) | |
40–44 | 26 (9.0) | 15 (8.7) | 11 (9.6) | |
45–50 | 9 (3.1) | 7 (4.0) | 2 (1.7) | |
+50 | ||||
Sex | 0.614 ** | |||
Female | 140 (48.6) | 82 (47.4) | 58 (50.4) | |
Male | 148 (51.4) | 91 (52.6) | 57 (49.6) | |
Body weight (kilograms) | 0.612 * | |||
−50 | 6 (2.1) | 4 (2.3) | 2 (1.7) | |
50–74 | 158 (54.9) | 97 (56.1) | 61 (53.0) | |
75–100 | 114 (39.6) | 65 (37.6) | 49 (42.6) | |
+100 | 10 (3.5) | 7 (4.0) | 3 (2.6) | |
Body height (meters) | 0.618 * | |||
−1.50 | 2 (0.7) | 2 (1.2) | 0 (0.0) | |
1.50–1.74 | 180 (62.5) | 109 (63) | 71 (61.7) | |
1.75–2.00 | 105 (36.5) | 61 (35.3) | 44 (38.3) | |
+2.00 | 1 (0.3) | 1 (0.6) | 0 (0.0) | |
Profession physical activity level | 0.505 * | |||
Sedentary | 64 (22.2) | 35 (20.2) | 29 (25.2) | |
Sitting and walking, without physical efforts | 113 (39.2) | 70 (40.5) | 43 (37.4) | |
Sitting and walking, with moderate physical efforts | 32 (11.1) | 17 (9.8) | 15 (13) | |
Sitting and walking, with heavy physical efforts | 5 (1.7) | 4 (2.3) | 1 (0.9) | |
Standing and walking, without physical efforts | 18 (6.3) | 13 (7.5) | 5 (4.3) | |
Standing and walking, with moderate physical efforts | 39 (13.5) | 26 (15.0) | 13 (11.3) | |
Standing and walking, with heavy physical efforts | 17 (5.9) | 8 (4.6) | 9 (7.8) | |
Sport or physical activity background | 0.199 ** | |||
Yes | 219 (76.0) | 127 (73.4) | 92 (80.0) | |
No | 69 (24.0) | 46 (26.6) | 23 (20.0) | |
Years practicing CrossFit® training | 0.006 * | |||
−1 | 65 (22.6) | 49 (28.3) | 16 (13.9) | |
1–3 | 94 (32.6) | 55 (31.8) | 39 (33.9) | |
4–6 | 73 (25.3) | 41 (23.7) | 32 (27.8) | |
7–10 | 48 (16.7) | 23 (13.3) | 25 (21.7) | |
+10 | 8 (2.8) | 5 (2.9) | 3 (2.6) | |
CrossFit® training competitive level | 0.051 * | |||
Non-competitive | 197 (68.4) | 125 (72.3) | 72 (62.6) | |
Competitive, recreational | 45 (15.6) | 26 (15) | 19 (16.5) | |
Competitive, beginner | 25 (8.7) | 14 (8.1) | 11 (9.6) | |
Competitive, advanced | 21 (7.3) | 8 (4.6) | 13 (11.3) | |
CrossFit® training weekly practice | 0.003 * | |||
Once per week | 8 (2.8) | 8 (4.6) | 0 (0.0) | |
2–3 times per week | 90 (31.3) | 62 (35.8) | 28 (24.3) | |
4–6 times per week | 180 (62.5) | 98 (56.6) | 82 (71.3) | |
7 or more times a week | 10 (3.5) | 5 (2.9) | 5 (4.3) | |
CrossFit® training practice duration (minutes) | 0.615 * | |||
30–59 | 178 (61.8) | 104 (60.1) | 74 (64.3) | |
60–89 | 100 (34.7) | 65 (37.6) | 35 (30.4) | |
90–120 | 10 (3.5) | 4 (2.3) | 6 (5.2) | |
Annual CrossFit® training competitions participations | 0.076 * | |||
Do not compete | 197 (68.4) | 125 (72.3) | 72 (62.6) | |
1 | 27 (9.4) | 15 (8.7) | 12 (10.4) | |
2 | 37 (12.8) | 20 (11.6) | 17 (14.8) | |
3 | 17 (5.9) | 7 (4.0) | 10 (8.7) | |
4 | 7 (2.4) | 5 (2.9) | 2 (1.7) | |
5 | 1 (0.3) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.9) | |
+5 | 2 (0.7) | 1 (0.6) | 1 (0.9) | |
Warm-up before training/competitions? | 0.808 * | |||
No | 56 (19.4) | 33 (19.1) | 23 (20.0) | |
Yes, −10 min | 140 (48.6) | 83 (48.0) | 57 (49.6) | |
Yes, 10–20 min | 85 (29.5) | 55 (31.8) | 30 (26.1) | |
Yes, 21–30 min | 6 (2.1) | 2 (1.2) | 4 (3.5) | |
Yes, +30 min | 1 (0.3) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.9) | |
Warm-up exercises used | ||||
Running | 32 (3.9) | 20 (4.1) | 12 (3.5) | 0.766 ** |
Sprint | 8 (1.0) | 6 (1.2) | 2 (0.6) | 0.382 ** |
Running drills | 56 (6.8) | 34 (7.0) | 22 (6.4) | 0.913 ** |
Mobility exercises | 198 (23.9) | 117 (24.2) | 81 (23.5) | 0.615 ** |
Dynamic stretching | 152 (18.4) | 86 (17.8) | 66 (19.1) | 0.201 ** |
Static stretching | 90 (10.9) | 51 (10.6) | 39 (11.3) | 0.427 ** |
Strengthening exercises | 47 (5.7) | 26 (5.4) | 21 (6.1) | 0.467 ** |
Core exercises | 90 (10.9) | 50 (10.4) | 40 (11.6) | 0.292 ** |
Balance exercises | 28 (3.4) | 15 (3.1) | 13 (3.8) | 0.460 ** |
Sport-specific exercises | 102 (12.3) | 60 (12.4) | 42 (12.2) | 0.749 ** |
Plyometrics | 11 (1.3) | 9 (1.9) | 2 (0.6) | 0.133 ** |
Self-massage | 8 (1.0) | 4 (0.8) | 4 (1.2) | 0.555 ** |
Other | 6 (0.7) | 5 (1.0) | 1 (0.3) | 0.240 ** |
Cool-down after training/competitions? | 0.456 * | |||
No | 99 (34.4) | 57 (32.9) | 42 (36.5) | |
Yes, −10 min | 163 (56.6) | 99 (57.2) | 64 (55.7) | |
Yes, 10–20 min | 23 (8.0) | 15 (8.7) | 8 (7.0) | |
Yes, 21–30 min | 1 (0.3) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.9) | |
Yes, +30 min | 2 (0.7) | 2 (1.2) | 0 (0.0) | |
Cool-down strategies used | 0.305 ** | |||
Stretching | 122 (64.6) | 80 (69.0) | 42 (57.5) | |
Electric stimulation | 2 (1.1) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (2.7) | |
Manual massage | 5 (2.6) | 3 (2.6) | 2 (2.7) | |
Massage guns | 8 (4.2) | 4 (3.4) | 4 (5.5) | |
Active recovery | 25 (13.2) | 13 (11.2) | 12 (16.4) | |
Passive recovery/Rest | 6 (3.2) | 4 (3.4) | 2 (2.7) | |
Foam roller | 11 (5.8) | 4 (3.4) | 7 (9.6) | |
Nutrition/Supplementation | 8 (4.2) | 6 (5.2) | 2 (2.7) | |
Other | 2 (1.1) | 2 (1.7) | 0 (0.0) | |
Presence and being monitored by a CrossFit® training instructor | 0.226 ** | |||
No | 7 (2.4) | 2 (1.2) | 5 (4.3) | |
Yes, and non-monitored | 26 (9.0) | 16 (9.2) | 10 (8.7) | |
Yes, and monitored | 255 (88.5) | 155 (89.6) | 100 (87.0) | |
Monitored by a health professional | 0.903 ** | |||
No | 154 (53.5) | 92 (53.2) | 62 (53.9) | |
Yes | 134 (46.5) | 81 (46.8) | 53 (46.1) | |
Practice other sports or physical activity? | 0.891 * | |||
No | 170 (59.0) | 102 (59.0) | 68 (59.1) | |
Yes, once per week | 68 (23.6) | 40 (23.1) | 28 (24.3) | |
Yes, 2 times per week | 27 (9.4) | 16 (9.2) | 11 (9.6) | |
Yes, 3 times per week | 10 (3.5) | 7 (4.0) | 3 (2.6) | |
Yes, more than 3 times per week | 13 (4.5) | 8 (4.6) | 5 (4.3) |
Variable | n (%) |
---|---|
N° of injuries | |
1 | 56 (48.7) |
2 | 40 (34.8) |
3 | 12 (10.4) |
4 | 3 (2.6) |
5 | 0 (0.0) |
+5 | 4 (3.5) |
Injury localization | |
Head | 2 (1.7) |
Cervical Spine | 2 (1.7) |
Upper Back | 1 (0.9) |
Thoracic Spine | 1 (0.9) |
Middle Back | 2 (1.7) |
Chest/Ribs | 2 (1.7) |
Lower Back | 10 (8.7) |
Lumbar Spine | 3 (2.6) |
Shoulder | 53 (46.1) |
Elbow | 9 (7.8) |
Forearm (posterior) | 1 (0.9) |
Wrist | 2 (1.7) |
Hand/Fingers | 1 (0.9) |
Pelvis/Groin | 1 (0.9) |
Thigh (anterior) | 2 (1.7) |
Thigh (posterior) | 1 (1.7) |
Knee | 13 (11.3) |
Leg (anterior) | 2 (1.7) |
Leg (posterior) | 1 (0.9) |
Ankle | 1 (0.9) |
Foot/Fingers | 4 (3.5) |
Other | 1 (0.9) |
Injury type | |
Bursitis | 3 (2.6) |
Concussion | 1 (0.9) |
Organ Trauma | 1 (0.9) |
Laceration/Abrasion/Bleeding | 3 (2.6) |
Joint Injury | 9 (7.8) |
Fascial Injury | 4 (3.5) |
Ligamentous Injury | 5 (4.3) |
Meniscal Injury | 2 (1.7) |
Muscular Injury | 32 (27.8) |
Bone Injury | 4 (3.5) |
Tendon Injury | 47 (40.9) |
Pain | 1 (0.9) |
Other | 3 (2.6) |
Injury occurrence situation | |
Warm-up (training) | 5 (4.3) |
Cool-down (training) | 6 (5.2) |
During training | 96 (83.5) |
During competition | 8 (7.0) |
Injury CrossFit® Training exercise | |
Endurance | 4 (3.5) |
Gymnastics | 35 (30.4) |
Olympic Lifting | 24 (20.9) |
Power Lifting | 32 (27.8) |
Other | 20 (17.4) |
Return-to-sport duration | |
−1 week | 28 (24.3) |
1–2 weeks | 22 (19.1) |
3–4 weeks | 21 (18.3) |
1–3 months | 25 (21.7) |
4–6 months | 10 (8.7) |
7–12 months | 7 (6.1) |
+1 year | 2 (1.7) |
Injury history | |
Recurrence | 23 (20.0) |
First time | 92 (80.0) |
Injury management | |
No intervention | 5 (4.3) |
Active self-management | 11 (9.6) |
Self-Medication/Supplementation | 4 (3.5) |
Physiotherapist | 52 (45.2) |
Physician (surgery) | 5 (4.3) |
Physician (injection) | 1 (0.9) |
Physician (medication) | 15 (13.0) |
Non-conventional medicine | 10 (8.7) |
Rest | 12 (10.4) |
Injury Type; Localization | n (%) |
---|---|
Bursitis | |
Shoulder | 3 (100) |
Concussion | |
Head | 1 (100) |
Organ Trauma | |
Other | 1 (100) |
Laceration/Abrasion/Bleeding | |
Head | 1 (33.3) |
Shoulder | 1 (33.3) |
Leg (posterior) | 1 (33.3) |
Joint | |
Cervical Spine | 1 (11.1) |
Lumbar Spine | 1 (11.1) |
Shoulder | 3 (33.3) |
Elbow | 3 (33.3) |
Wrist | 1 (11.1) |
Fascial | |
Shoulder | 1 (25) |
Knee | 1 (25) |
Foot/Fingers | 2 (50) |
Ligamentous | |
Shoulder | 2 (40) |
Hand/Fingers | 1 (20) |
Knee | 2 (40) |
Meniscal | |
Knee | 2 (100) |
Muscular | |
Upper Back | 1 (3.1) |
Middle Back | 2 (6.3) |
Chest/Ribs | 1 (3.1) |
Lower Back | 9 (28.1) |
Shoulder | 13 (40.6) |
Forearm (posterior) | 1 (3.1) |
Thigh (anterior) | 1 (3.1) |
Thigh (posterior) | 1 (3.1) |
Leg (anterior) | 2 (6.3) |
Foot/Fingers | 1 (3.1) |
Bone | |
Chest/Ribs | 1 (20) |
Lumbar Spine | 1 (20) |
Thigh (anterior) | 1 (20) |
Knee | 1 (20) |
Tendon | |
Lower Back | 1 (2.1) |
Shoulder | 29 (61.7) |
Elbow | 6 (12.8) |
Wrist | 1 (2.1) |
Pelvis/Groin | 1 (2.1) |
Knee | 7 (14.9) |
Ankle | 1 (2.1) |
Foot/Fingers | 1 (2.1) |
Pain | |
Cervical Spine | 1 (100) |
Other | |
Thoracic Spine | 1 (33.3) |
Lumbar Spine | 1 (33.3) |
Shoulder | 1 (33.3) |
Injury Localization | Situation | Exercise | Return-to-Sport | Clinical History | Management | ||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Warm-Up (Training) | Cool-Down (Training) | During Training | During Competition | Endurance | Gymnastic | Olympic Lifting | Power Lifting | Other | −1 Week | 1–2 Weeks | 3–4 Weeks | 1–3 Months | 4–6 Months | 7–12 Months | + 1 Year | Recurrence | First Time | No Intervention | Self-Management | Self-Medication | Physio therapist | Physician (Surgery) | Physician (Injection) | Physician (Medication) | Non-Conventional Medicine | Rest | |
Head | - | - | 2 | - | - | 1 | - | 1 | - | - | - | 1 | 1 | - | - | - | - | 2 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1 | - | 1 |
Cervical Spine | - | - | 2 | - | - | - | 1 | - | 1 | - | - | 1 | 1 | - | - | - | - | 2 | - | - | - | 1 | - | - | - | - | 1 |
Upper Back | - | - | 1 | - | - | - | - | 1 | - | - | 1 | - | - | - | - | - | 1 | - | - | - | - | 1 | - | - | - | - | - |
Thoracic Spine | - | - | 1 | - | - | - | - | 1 | - | - | - | - | 1 | - | - | - | - | 1 | - | - | - | 1 | - | - | - | - | - |
Middle Back | - | 1 | 1 | - | - | 1 | - | 1 | - | 1 | 1 | - | - | - | - | - | 1 | 1 | - | - | 1 | - | - | - | - | 1 | - |
Chest/Ribs | - | - | 2 | - | - | 2 | - | - | - | - | 1 | - | 1 | - | - | - | - | 2 | - | - | 1 | 1 | - | - | - | - | - |
Lower Back | - | - | 10 | - | - | - | 2 | 8 | - | 3 | 4 | 2 | 1 | - | - | - | 1 | 9 | - | 4 | - | 1 | - | - | 3 | - | 2 |
Lumbar Spine | 1 | - | 2 | - | - | - | 2 | - | 1 | - | - | 1 | 1 | - | 1 | - | - | 3 | - | - | - | 1 | - | - | 2 | - | - |
Shoulder | 2 | 1 | 43 | 7 | - | 26 | 11 | 9 | 7 | 16 | 9 | 12 | 6 | 6 | 3 | 1 | 17 | 36 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 25 | 3 | 1 | 4 | 8 | 4 |
Elbow | - | - | 8 | 1 | - | 1 | 6 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 1 | - | - | 1 | 8 | - | 2 | - | 6 | - | - | 1 | - | - |
Forearm (posterior) | - | 1 | - | - | - | - | - | 1 | - | 1 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1 | - | - | - | 1 | - | - | - | - | - |
Wrist | - | - | 2 | - | - | 1 | - | 1 | - | - | - | - | 2 | - | - | - | - | 2 | - | - | - | 2 | - | - | - | - | - |
Hand/Fingers | - | - | 1 | - | - | - | - | - | 1 | - | - | - | 1 | - | - | - | - | 1 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1 |
Pelvis/Groin | - | - | 1 | - | - | - | - | 1 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1 | - | - | 1 | - | - | - | 1 | - | - | - | - | - |
Thigh (anterior) | - | - | 2 | - | 1 | 1 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1 | - | 1 | - | - | 2 | - | - | - | 1 | - | - | - | - | 1 |
Thigh (posterior) | - | - | 1 | - | 1 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1 | - | - | - | - | 1 | - | - | - | 1 | - | - | - | - | - |
Knee | 2 | - | 11 | - | 2 | - | 2 | 5 | 4 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 4 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 12 | - | 1 | - | 6 | 2 | - | 2 | - | 2 |
Lower Leg (anterior) | - | - | 2 | - | - | - | - | 1 | 1 | 1 | - | - | 1 | - | - | - | 1 | 1 | 2 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Lower Leg (posterior) | - | 1 | - | - | - | - | - | 1 | - | 1 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1 | - | - | - | 1 | - | - | - | - | - |
Ankle | - | - | 1 | - | - | - | - | - | 1 | 1 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1 | - | 1 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Foot/Fingers | - | 2 | 2 | - | - | 2 | - | - | 2 | 1 | 1 | - | - | 2 | - | - | - | 4 | - | - | - | 2 | - | - | 1 | 1 | - |
Other | - | - | 1 | - | - | - | - | - | 1 | - | - | 1 | - | - | - | - | - | 1 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1 | - | - |
Injury Type | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Bursitis | 1 | - | 2 | - | - | 2 | - | 1 | - | 1 | - | - | - | 1 | - | 1 | - | 3 | - | - | - | 3 | - | - | - | - | - |
Concussion | - | - | 1 | - | - | - | - | 1 | - | - | - | 1 | - | - | - | - | - | 1 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1 | - | - |
Organ | - | - | 1 | - | - | - | - | - | 1 | - | - | 1 | - | - | - | - | - | 1 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1 | - | - |
Laceration | - | 1 | 2 | - | - | 1 | - | 1 | 1 | 2 | - | - | 1 | - | - | - | - | 3 | 1 | - | - | 1 | - | - | - | - | 1 |
Joint | 1 | - | 6 | 2 | - | 1 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 1 | - | - | - | 9 | - | 1 | - | 3 | - | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 |
Fascial | - | 1 | 3 | - | - | 1 | - | 2 | 1 | 2 | 1 | - | 1 | - | - | - | - | 4 | - | - | - | 1 | 1 | - | 2 | - | - |
Ligamentous | 2 | - | 2 | 1 | 1 | 2 | - | - | 2 | - | 1 | - | 3 | - | 1 | - | - | 5 | - | 1 | - | 2 | 1 | - | - | - | 1 |
Meniscal | - | - | 2 | - | 1 | - | - | 1 | - | - | - | - | 2 | - | - | - | - | 2 | - | - | - | - | 2 | - | - | - | - |
Muscular | - | 3 | 28 | 1 | 1 | 9 | 5 | 15 | 2 | 12 | 9 | 2 | 5 | 4 | - | - | 11 | 21 | 3 | 3 | 1 | 15 | - | - | 3 | 4 | 3 |
Bone | - | - | 4 | - | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | - | - | - | 1 | 2 | - | 1 | - | - | 4 | - | - | 1 | 1 | - | - | 1 | - | 1 |
Tendon | 1 | - | 42 | 4 | - | 18 | 14 | 7 | 8 | 10 | 9 | 12 | 7 | 4 | 4 | 1 | 11 | 36 | 1 | 6 | 2 | 23 | 1 | - | 5 | 5 | 4 |
Pain | - | - | 1 | - | - | - | - | - | 1 | - | - | 1 | - | - | - | - | - | 1 | - | - | - | 1 | - | - | - | - | - |
Other | - | 1 | 2 | - | - | - | 1 | 1 | 1 | - | - | 1 | 1 | - | 1 | - | 1 | 2 | - | - | - | 2 | - | - | - | - | 1 |
Variables | Age | Sex | Body Weight | Body Height | Professional Physical Activity Level | Sport Background | Years Practicing Cross | Cross Level | Weekly Cross Practice | Cross Practice Duration | Annual Cross Competitions | Perform Warm-Up | Perform Cool-Down | Cool-Down Strategies | Presence and Monitored by an Instructor | N° Injuries Cross-Related | Injury Localization | Injury Cross Activity |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Body weight | - | 0.558 ** | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Body height | - | 0.723 ** | 0.605 ** | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Years practicing CrossFit® | 0.332 ** | - | - | - | 0.256 ** | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
CrossFit® Level | - | - | - | - | 0.379 ** | 0.274 ** | 0.194 * | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Weekly CrossFit® practice | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.348 ** | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
CrossFit® practice duration | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.196 * | 0.284 ** | 0.257 ** | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Annual CrossFit® competitions | - | - | - | - | 0.365 ** | 0.289 ** | 0.207 * | 0.955 ** | 0.314 ** | 0.295 ** | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Perform warm-up | - | - | - | - | 0.205 * | - | - | - | 0.187 * | 0.333 ** | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Perform cool-down | 0.227 * | - | - | - | 0.198 * | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.368 ** | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Cool-down strategies | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.229 * | - | - | 0.260 ** | 0.269 ** | 0.857 ** | - | - | - | - | - |
Presence and monitored by an instructor | - | - | - | - | - | −0.193 * | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Monitored by a health professional | - | −0.219 * | - | −0.225 * | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.210 * | 0.209 * | - | - | - | - |
Practice other sports plus CrossFit® | - | 0.191 * | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
N° injuries CrossFit®-related | 0.202 * | - | 0.221 * | - | 0.274 ** | - | 0.454 ** | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | −0.190 * | - | - | - |
Injury type | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Injury occurrence situation | - | - | - | - | 0.186 * | - | - | 0.323 ** | - | - | 0.337 ** | - | - | - | - | - | −0.208 * | - |
Injury CrossFit® activity | - | - | - | - | −0.249 ** | - | −0.246 ** | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | −0.203 * | 0.248 ** | - |
Return-to-sport duration | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.190 * | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | −0.191 * |
Injury (Present) | Factor—Level | Odds Ratio (95% CI) | p | R2 a |
---|---|---|---|---|
Tendon | ||||
Sex | 0.012 | 0.075 | ||
Male | 2.680 [1.243; 5.777] | |||
Female | Reference | |||
Sport Background | 0.043 | 0.053 | ||
Yes | 3.024 [1.035; 8.837] | |||
No | Reference | |||
Muscular | ||||
Sport Background | 0.001 | 0.129 | ||
No | 4.995 [1.900; 13.132] | |||
Yes | Reference | |||
Shoulder | ||||
Years Practicing Cross | 0.045 | 0.104 | ||
1–3 | 3.014 [0.737; 12.325] | 0.125 | ||
4–6 | 7.222 [1.703; 30.637] | 0.007 | ||
7–≥10 | 4.333 [1.009; 18.615] | 0.049 | ||
−1 | Reference | |||
Knee | ||||
Body Weight (Kg) | 0.023 | 0.102 | ||
75–≥100 | 4.762 [1.236; 18.353] | |||
≤50–74 | Reference |
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Ferreira, R.M.; Fernandes, L.G.; Minghelli, B.; Feito, Y.; Sampaio, A.R.; Pimenta, N. Sport-Related Injuries in Portuguese CrossFit® Practitioners and Their Characteristics. Muscles 2025, 4, 2. https://doi.org/10.3390/muscles4010002
Ferreira RM, Fernandes LG, Minghelli B, Feito Y, Sampaio AR, Pimenta N. Sport-Related Injuries in Portuguese CrossFit® Practitioners and Their Characteristics. Muscles. 2025; 4(1):2. https://doi.org/10.3390/muscles4010002
Chicago/Turabian StyleFerreira, Ricardo Maia, Luís Gonçalves Fernandes, Beatriz Minghelli, Yuri Feito, António Rodrigues Sampaio, and Nuno Pimenta. 2025. "Sport-Related Injuries in Portuguese CrossFit® Practitioners and Their Characteristics" Muscles 4, no. 1: 2. https://doi.org/10.3390/muscles4010002
APA StyleFerreira, R. M., Fernandes, L. G., Minghelli, B., Feito, Y., Sampaio, A. R., & Pimenta, N. (2025). Sport-Related Injuries in Portuguese CrossFit® Practitioners and Their Characteristics. Muscles, 4(1), 2. https://doi.org/10.3390/muscles4010002